Over the past decade, there has been no clear evidence regarding the comparative effectiveness of bone-marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) therapy in patients with chronic heart failure (HF).

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a blood cancer caused by genetic mutations in hematopoietic precursor cells, leading to abnormal cell production in the bone marrow (BM) and results in complications like anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Treatments, such as chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation carry risks like graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections due to immune suppression. Recently, treatment with natural killer (NK) cells has emerged as a novel approach for treating AML. NK cells can identify and destroy leukemic cells, and methods like NK cell transfer and cytokine activation show promise as effective treatments. This article evaluates the feasibility and safety of NK cell-based therapies for AML patients. This article is a systematic review that registered its protocol in PROSPERO. A strategic search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases using the keywords "Natural killer cell, " "Acute myeloid leukemia" and "Immunotherapy". After removing duplicates and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 1623 articles were selected. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, followed by a full-text review. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer, resulting in 17 articles for inclusion. Data were organized in Excel, and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Data analysis was performed using R software. Out of 1623 initially identified records, 17 clinical studies comprising 402 AML patients aged between 1 and 82 years were included. Most studies used allogeneic or homologous NK cells, sometimes combined with chemotherapy or interleukin-2. The pooled complete remission (CR) rate was 48.22% (95% CI 31.75-65.09%), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 76%). Immune response prevalence across 14 studies was 69.34% (95% CI 49.18-84.09%). Adverse events were generally mild and manageable, with no consistent reports of severe toxicity. Although study quality varied, eight studies demonstrated low risk of bias. Publication bias was detected for CR outcomes, adjusting the CR rate to 36.94% after correction. We conducted a systematic review that demonstrates that NK cell therapy shows promising efficacy and acceptable safety in treating AML patients, with a pooled complete remission rate of 48.22% and encouraging immune response rates. Despite heterogeneity across studies and varying methodological quality, the consistent observation of anti-leukemic effects and manageable adverse events supports the potential role of NK cell therapy as a complementary treatment. Further high-quality, large-scale trials are warranted to validate these findings and optimize clinical protocols.

Effective alveolar and jaw bone regeneration remains a clinical challenge, and the added value of incorporating human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) or stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) into scaffolds over traditional cell-free approaches has not been systematically evaluated in vivo, limiting evidence-based advancements in regenerative dental therapies. This review aimed to evaluate the outcomes of human dental pulp stem cells in conjunction with scaffolds for the regeneration of alveolar and jaw bone.

Recently, existing researches have gradually recognized the critical biological behaviour played by spontaneous or exogenous-induced browning conversion in fat transplantation. However, no comprehensive review explored the fat grafts remodeling process toward browning and such role in fat graft retention.

Type 1 diabetes is characterised by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of immunotherapies for preserving residual beta cell function in newly diagnosed (stage 3) type 1 diabetes.

Burn injuries cause severe physical and psychological challenges. Current treatments have limitations, such as incomplete skin regeneration and prolonged healing times, necessitating innovative solutions. Tissue engineering integrates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and scaffolds in preclinical studies to enhance healing, reduce scarring, and regenerate skin. This study examines their combined effects to optimize burn wound therapies.

To investigate the regenerative ability of concentrated growth factor (CGF) during endodontic treatment compared with other regenerative procedures.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy holds promise for treating immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases (IMIDs), particularly when conventional therapies are ineffective. Encouraged by their immunomodulatory capabilities and potential for disease modification, different clinical trials are investigating the efficacy and safety of MSCs in single IMIDs. This review aims to summarize the application of MSCs in IMIDs and explore their future clinical potential. We reviewed published studies from January 2016 to January 2024 on MSC treatment for IMIDs. We retrieved 18 clinical trials and 5 observational studies, encompassing 609 patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD), chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), alopecia areata (AA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Improvements or complete remission were observed in up to 100% of cases for AA, SSc, and SLE, though complete remission rates were less frequent than improvement rates, ranging from 0% in AD to 50% in CSU. Adverse events (AEs) were generally mild; moderate-to-severe AEs were uncommon (4% in psoriasis, 2.6% in SLE, and 0.7% in SSc), and deaths from all causes were rare (6 patients with SSc and 15 patients with SLE). In conclusion, MSC therapy shows promising results in terms of at least partial clinical improvement for most IMIDs. Its effect is achievable after a single or a few administrations, with no significant toxicity. MSCs may fulfill an unmet need for patients unresponsive to conventional immunomodulating agents. However, most evidence still comes from clinical trials with heterogeneous designs and endpoints. Future larger controlled trials are needed to better elucidate their role in refractory IMIDs.

The biological process of neurogenesis involves the production of new and completely functional neurons in two specific regions of the brain: the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus by neural stem cells (NSCs). Interfering with this mechanism harms the brain and may result in neurological disorders. Cell-based therapies are becoming recognized as optimal possibilities for facilitating neurogenesis. To comprehend the many processes and mechanisms of neurogenesis and the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as active contributors to pathologic events influencing neurogenesis. We utilized the Web of Science (core collection) as the data source.

The treatment of osteoporosis is challenged by limited bone regeneration and side effects. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (BMSC-EVs) have gained widespread attention as a potential therapeutic approach. This study aims to evaluate the effects of BMSC-EVs on bone density, trabecular microstructure, and biomechanical properties in animal models of osteoporosis, providing evidence to support clinical translation and mechanism exploration.

Background/Objectives: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural substance in the human body with anti-inflammatory and healing properties that help repair bone by supporting cell growth, blood vessel formation, and tissue structure. A common complication after minimally invasive surgery is delayed bone healing in osteotomies. HA may offer a useful treatment to support faster recovery. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was pre-registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD420250654929). Searches were conducted in PubMed, EbscoHost, Web of Science, and Scopus up to 25 January 2025. Studies from the last five years on HA and bone healing were included. The main outcomes were faster bone repair and improved regeneration. Study quality was assessed using the OCEBM, ROBINS-I, and GRADE tools. Results: Out of 96 studies, 9 met the inclusion criteria. HA, especially when combined with other materials or stem cells, helped bone repair by supporting new bone formation. Materials like 3D-printed scaffolds, hydrogels, and meshes showed good results in bone healing. However, differences in the study design made direct comparison difficult. Conclusions: Hyaluronic acid shows promise for bone repair, especially in combination with other materials. More standardized clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness and define how best to use it in minimally invasive surgeries.

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip is a disease characterized by vascular disruptions, where 67% of untreated cases may lead to the collapse of the femoral head. None of the current approaches, such as core decompression (CD), vascularized bone grafting, osteotomy, tissue implantation, and other methods, have been proven fully effective in delaying the progression of osteonecrosis. Recent findings indicate that bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) have significant potential to regenerate necrotic tissue and prevent the progression of AVN in the hip. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, side effects, treatment failure rate, most effective treatment stage of AVN hip, and application technique to treat AVN hip.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are rare, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas with limited treatment options and poor prognosis, especially upon relapse. Both autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplants have been used, although allogeneic transplantation is preferred for resistant cases. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to clarify the impact of allogeneic transplantation on survival and treatment outcomes in PTCL patients.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global chronic health challenge, demanding the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for NAFLD; however, current evidence is limited to preclinical studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-EVs in rodent models of NAFLD and its progressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). By synthesizing preclinical data, we aim to establish a robust evidence base that can guide future clinical trials and optimize MSC-EV-based therapies.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a prevalent and challenging orthopedic condition that often leads to hip pain and dysfunction. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as potent regulators of gene expression that influence both transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes in ONFH pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the association between dysregulated lncRNAs and circRNAs and their functions in ONFH.

Mitochondrial diseases, characterized by disruptions in cellular energy production, manifest diverse clinical phenotypes despite a shared molecular aetiology. Of note is the frequent involvement of the brain in these pathologies. Given the inherent challenges associated with accessing human tissue and the limitations of mouse models, especially concerning mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in vitro modelling is crucial in elucidating brain-related manifestations of mitochondrial diseases.In this review we recapitulate the current available in vitro models used to study neuronal cell types and advance our understanding of mitochondrial brain disease. This inquiry is especially pertinent considering the scarcity of suitable animal models, necessitating reliance on in vitro models to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms. We found fifty papers modelling neuronal mechanisms of mitochondrial diseases in-vitro. While there was an even split between nuclear and mtDNA mutations, MELAS was the most commonly modelled syndrome. The emerging technologies in the stem cell field have revolutionized our approach to investigate cellular specificity in mitochondrial diseases, and we found a clear shift from neuroblastoma cell lines to iPSC-derived models. Interestingly, most of these studies reported impaired neuronal differentiation in mutant cells independent of the syndrome being modelled. The generation of appropriate in vitro models and subsequent mechanistic insights will be central for the development of novel therapeutic avenues in the mitochondrial field.

In recent years, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) have garnered widespread attention for the treatment of osteoporosis. Based on all available data, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of SC-EVs in preclinical studies, aiming to provide the latest evidence to support their clinical translation.

Brain metastasis represents an ongoing clinical challenge with high morbidity and mortality despite improvements in other areas of oncology. A significant obstacle in brain metastasis research concerns the modelling of the complex tumour-brain microenvironment and there has been a recent shift to the development of more complex assays to improve translational potential. Organoids are three-dimensional tissue aggregates derived from tumour tissue or stem cells and have been utilised extensively in wider biological research. This review aims to summarise the current state of brain metastasis organoid research, with a focus on methodologies, mechanistic understanding, and clinical applicability. A narrative review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science and results were screened using PRISMA guidelines. Search strategies included variations of 'brain metastasis' and 'cerebral organoid' and fifteen articles were included for review. There was a clear lack of uniformity in the methodologies used in organoid production, with additionally fragmented approaches in the investigation of molecular mechanisms and drug discovery. Comparison is thus highly challenging, and this is exacerbated by small sample sizes and diverse primary tumour types. Additionally, there remains an over-reliance on the use of animal-based tissues rather than those derived from human patients. Interestingly, several studies introduced blood-brain-barrier models which show potential however remain in early stages of development. Future studies should aim to streamline organoid production techniques and establish a consensus on relevant molecular pathways of interest, while increasing cohort sizes to enhance clinical applicability. Although it remains in nascent stages, cerebral organoid research represents a field with strong potential to improve knowledge and treatment options for people living with brain metastases.

Both autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantations are widely used as a standard of care or significant clinical option in treating various malignant and non-malignant diseases of the hematopoietic system. The value of these treatment methods would be better assessed through the review of long-term progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS) rates, which are highly dependent on the primary diagnosis and stage of disease at the time of transplantation as well as on the specific type of used transplantation procedure. While the best (over 90%) 5-, 10- and 15-year survival rates are achieved in children with genetic errors after HLA-matched allogeneic transplantation, in adults these results are worse. Intermediate results (50-80%) of 5- and 10-year survival rates are obtained in malignancies transplanted in complete remission, and the worst (between 10 and 30%) 5- and 10-year survival rates are seen in malignancies transplanted without remission. However, none of the other treatment methods in these latter situations allows to obtain any long-term survival. In conclusion, transplantation of hematopoietic cells is a group of therapeutic methods with unprecedented effectiveness in reversing outcome of deadly disorders of the hematopoietic system. Moreover, its therapeutic effect is usually maintained for 10 years or more.

In this study, we systematically evaluated the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derived exosomes (MSC-exos) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) through multimodal evaluation of cartilage protection, anti-inflammatory activity and tissue regeneration. A comparative analysis of drug delivery strategies was performed to explore better therapeutic effects.