Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the standard adjuvant therapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC); however, a substantial proportion of patients develop BCG-unresponsive disease with limited bladder-preserving options. The objective of this study was to determine whether combination immunotherapy provides superior clinical efficacy and safety compared with single-agent immunotherapy for patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.

Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with chemotherapy has become a major clinical research focus. Patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) have been treated with different first-line ICI combinations in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but the optimal combination strategy has not yet been determined. Our aim was to evaluate this strategy through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer therapy, yet cancer-related fatigue (CRF) remains a frequent but poorly characterized adverse effect. We evaluated CRF incidence during ICI treatment in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings.

This study aimed to systematically synthesize and separately quantify the pooled safety profiles of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) targeting PD-1/CTLA-4 or PD-1/VEGF in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to descriptively summarize class-specific safety patterns.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activate antitumor immunity by targeting immune checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). They have emerged as a key therapeutic modality for multiple malignancies. Nevertheless, excessive immune activation may trigger a spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Though uncommon, uveitis is a sight-threatening irAEs that can result in permanent visual loss. The risk and prognostic outcomes of ICIs-associated uveitis remain poorly defined to date. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to systematically assess the correlation of ICIs therapy with uveitis risk and prognosis, with the goal of providing evidence-based recommendations for clinical identification and management of this ocular complication.

A growing share of oncology drugs receive FDA approval via expedited pathways based on interim RCT analyses, leaving safety data relatively immature at approval. Whether the relative toxicity of approved therapeutics shifts as trials mature remains unquantified.

Chemotherapy-related fatigue, sleep disturbance, and psychological distress significantly impair quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) non-pharmacological therapies are increasingly used as supportive care, yet their comparative effectiveness remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate and compare five TCM-based interventions for improving QoL and emotional well-being in chemotherapy patients.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) can be accompanied by endocrine adverse events, yet the comparative risk across commonly used regimens remains unclear. We therefore conducted a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in CRC published up to November 22, 2025, estimating risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessing risk of bias. Six RCTs were included. Relative to conventional therapy, ICI-based regimens were associated with a higher thyroid-related toxicity burden. Pembrolizumab and ICI+tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) significantly increased the risk of hypothyroidism, whereas hyperthyroidism was significantly higher with ICI+TKI and ICI plus chemotherapy plus an anti-angiogenic antibody (ICI+Chem+Antiangio-Ab). Grade 1-2 adverse events were consistently increased across ICI-based treatments. For thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency, and grade 3-4 adverse events, effect estimates were imprecise with wide 95% CIs; nevertheless, SUCRA rankings tended to place ICI+TKI toward the higher-risk end for thyroiditis and diabetes. These findings indicate that ICI-containing strategies in CRC increase risks of endocrine adverse events-particularly for thyroid dysfunction-supporting the need for proactive endocrine monitoring and standardized management, while highlighting the limited precision of current evidence for rarer endpoints and severe toxicity.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extremely poor prognosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy has shown limited efficacy in PDAC, whereas the potential clinical value of first-line ICI-based combination regimens remains unclear. Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of first-line ICI-based combination regimens in advanced PDAC.

Sarcomas are rare, aggressive and unpredictable tumors that arise from mesenchymal tissues. Despite treatment, outcomes for advanced or metastatic cases remain poor. Anlotinib is a new oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks multiple angiogenic pathways and has shown encouraging results in solid tumors. This review aims to summarize and clarify the current evidence on anlotinib's role in treating sarcoma.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers, with high incidence and mortality rates in East Asia. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) has traditionally been the standard approach for improving resectability in ESCC, but its limited efficacy in achieving complete pathological responses and enhancing survival has driven interest in combining it with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), resulting in neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NIC). Based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), this meta-analysis compares the risks and clinical benefits of NIC versus NC in resectable ESCC patients.

Olanzapine is an established antiemetic for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), although the optimal dose for balancing efficacy and tolerability remains uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing olanzapine 2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg for CINV prophylaxis.

HER2-positive gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers have poor prognosis despite standard trastuzumab-based chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may enhance therapeutic efficacy when combined with trastuzumab.

Primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (PLELC) is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer characterized by pronounced regional clustering and high PD-L1 expression. Although early studies suggest that first-line immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy has application potential, we still lack large-sample systematic reviews and cross-high-incidence-area real-world validation.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), comprising anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), have transformed melanoma therapy, yet the tumour microenvironment (TME), the pivotal biological interface where therapeutic efficacy, resistance, and toxicity are determined, remains incompletely characterized. This dual systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD420261374242) followed PRISMA 2020 and included 58 preclinical (B16F10/C57BL/6; 46 quantitative) and 44 clinical studies (19 quantitative) to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) for six intratumoral TME parameters. Checkpoint blockade consistently shifted the TME toward an immune-activated state, an effect that remained robust in sensitivity analyses despite substantial heterogeneity (I-squared heterogeneity statistic (I2) = 68-88%). Preclinically, ICIs significantly increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration (SMD = 1.45, p < 0.001), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (SMD = 1.78, p < 0.001), CD8/regulatory T-cell (Treg) ratio (SMD = 0.91, p = 0.005), and apoptosis (SMD = 3.54, p < 0.001) and reduced PD-L1 (SMD = -0.88, p = 0.004) and Ki-67 (SMD = -1.43, p = 0.028). Clinically, CD8+ infiltration and PD-L1 both increased (SMD = 0.72, p < 0.001; SMD = 0.67, p = 0.001), contrasting with the preclinical PD-L1 decrease. Meta-regression demonstrated superior anti-PD-L1 efficacy over CTLA-4 for effector parameters: IFN-γ +3.59 (p = 0.009), CD8/Treg +10.69 (p = 0.003), apoptosis +9.76 (p = 0.004), and Ki-67 -6.28 (p = 0.040). These findings establish the TME as a critical determinant of ICI outcomes, indicate that PD-L1 amplifies effector functions in the B16F10 model, and highlight translational gaps in TME reprogramming.

With the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the first-line treatment of driver mutation-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare efficacy and adverse effects (AEs) between PD-L1 inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors.

This study was designed to assess the risk of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) related rash in various situations.

While poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors represent a promising treatment strategy in early phase trials of patients with high-grade glioma (HGG), the clinical outcomes exhibit variability, mainly due to drug-specific pharmacokinetics and insufficient biological stratification involving MGMT and IDH status. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of PARP inhibitors in grade 3 and 4 gliomas.

Among several adverse events induced by chemotherapy for patients with far advanced and unresectable cancer, oral mucositis is one that reduces patient quality of life.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common, debilitating, and treatment-limiting adverse effect of many agents used for cancer treatment. There is currently no gold-standard diagnostic criterion nor a widely accepted method for accurate and early identification of CIPN. Vibration perception threshold (VPT), which reflects large-fibre nerve function, has been proposed as a potential biomarker for CIPN.