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1821. Effect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of HIV-1: a randomized clinical trial.
作者: R Nduati.;G John.;D Mbori-Ngacha.;B Richardson.;J Overbaugh.;A Mwatha.;J Ndinya-Achola.;J Bwayo.;F E Onyango.;J Hughes.;J Kreiss.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷9期1167-74页
Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is known to occur through breastfeeding, but the magnitude of risk has not been precisely defined. Whether breast milk HIV-1 transmission risk exceeds the potential risk of formula-associated diarrheal mortality in developing countries is unknown.
1822. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for treatment of acute stroke: the Standard Treatment with Alteplase to Reverse Stroke (STARS) study.
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only therapy for acute ischemic stroke approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
1823. Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. US Oral Neuraminidase Study Group.
作者: J J Treanor.;F G Hayden.;P S Vrooman.;R Barbarash.;R Bettis.;D Riff.;S Singh.;N Kinnersley.;P Ward.;R G Mills.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷8期1016-24页
Previous studies have shown oseltamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor, to be effective in preventing influenza and treating experimental influenza.
1824. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study.
作者: R A Mulnard.;C W Cotman.;C Kawas.;C H van Dyck.;M Sano.;R Doody.;E Koss.;E Pfeiffer.;S Jin.;A Gamst.;M Grundman.;R Thomas.;L J Thal.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷8期1007-15页
Several reports from small clinical trials have suggested that estrogen replacement therapy may be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) in women.
1825. Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial.
作者: M Gausche.;R J Lewis.;S J Stratton.;B E Haynes.;C S Gunter.;S M Goodrich.;P D Poore.;M D McCollough.;D P Henderson.;F D Pratt.;J S Seidel.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷6期783-90页
Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is widely used for airway management of children in the out-of-hospital setting, despite a lack of controlled trials demonstrating a positive effect on survival or neurological outcome.
1826. Oral androstenedione administration and serum testosterone concentrations in young men.
作者: B Z Leder.;C Longcope.;D H Catlin.;B Ahrens.;D A Schoenfeld.;J S Finkelstein.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷6期779-82页
Androstenedione, a steroid hormone and the major precursor to testosterone, is available without prescription and is purported to increase strength and athletic performance. The hormonal effects of androstenedione, however, are unknown.
1827. Testosterone replacement and resistance exercise in HIV-infected men with weight loss and low testosterone levels.
作者: S Bhasin.;T W Storer.;M Javanbakht.;N Berman.;K E Yarasheski.;J Phillips.;M Dike.;I Sinha-Hikim.;R Shen.;R D Hays.;G Beall.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷6期763-70页
Previous studies of testosterone supplementation in HIV-infected men failed to demonstrate improvement in muscle strength. The effects of resistance exercise combined with testosterone supplementation in HIV-infected men are unknown.
1828. A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. CAPITAL Study Investigators. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin.
作者: T J Marrie.;C Y Lau.;S L Wheeler.;C J Wong.;M K Vandervoort.;B G Feagan.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷6期749-55页
Large variations exist among hospitals in the use of treatment resources for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Lack of a common approach to the diagnosis and treatment of CAP has been cited as an explanation for these variations.
1829. The role of clinical suspicion in evaluating a new diagnostic test for active tuberculosis: results of a multicenter prospective trial.
作者: A Catanzaro.;S Perry.;J E Clarridge.;S Dunbar.;S Goodnight-White.;P A LoBue.;C Peter.;G E Pfyffer.;M F Sierra.;R Weber.;G Woods.;G Mathews.;V Jonas.;K Smith.;P Della-Latta.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷5期639-45页
In laboratory trials, nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) are more accurate than acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy and are faster than culture. The impact of these tests on clinical diagnosis is not known.
1830. Nucleoside analogs plus ritonavir in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 338 Study Team.
作者: S A Nachman.;K Stanley.;R Yogev.;S Pelton.;A Wiznia.;S Lee.;L Mofenson.;S Fiscus.;M Rathore.;E Jimenez.;W Borkowsky.;J Pitt.;M E Smith.;B Wells.;K McIntosh.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷4期492-8页
Although protease inhibitors are used routinely in adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the role of these drugs in the treatment of clinically stable HIV-infected children is not clear.
1831. Methylnaltrexone for reversal of constipation due to chronic methadone use: a randomized controlled trial.
作者: C S Yuan.;J F Foss.;M O'Connor.;J Osinski.;T Karrison.;J Moss.;M F Roizen.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷3期367-72页
Constipation is the most common chronic adverse effect of opioid pain medications in patients who require long-term opioid administration, such as patients with advanced cancer, but conventional measures for ameliorating constipation often are insufficient.
1832. Noninvasive ventilation for treatment of acute respiratory failure in patients undergoing solid organ transplantation: a randomized trial.
作者: M Antonelli.;G Conti.;M Bufi.;M G Costa.;A Lappa.;M Rocco.;A Gasparetto.;G U Meduri.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷2期235-41页
Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been associated with lower rates of endotracheal intubation in populations of patients with acute respiratory failure.
1833. Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depression in managed primary care: a randomized controlled trial.
作者: K B Wells.;C Sherbourne.;M Schoenbaum.;N Duan.;L Meredith.;J Unützer.;J Miranda.;M F Carney.;L V Rubenstein.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷2期212-20页
Care of patients with depression in managed primary care settings often fails to meet guideline standards, but the long-term impact of quality improvement (QI) programs for depression care in such settings is unknown.
1834. Mechanisms of virologic failure in previously untreated HIV-infected patients from a trial of induction-maintenance therapy. Trilège (Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA 072) Study Team).
作者: D Descamps.;P Flandre.;V Calvez.;G Peytavin.;V Meiffredy.;G Collin.;C Delaugerre.;S Robert-Delmas.;B Bazin.;J P Aboulker.;G Pialoux.;F Raffi.;F Brun-Vézinet.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷2期205-11页
In the Trilège trial, following induction with a zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir regimen, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication was less suppressed by 2-drug maintenance therapy than by triple-drug therapy.
1835. Primary care outcomes in patients treated by nurse practitioners or physicians: a randomized trial.
作者: M O Mundinger.;R L Kane.;E R Lenz.;A M Totten.;W Y Tsai.;P D Cleary.;W T Friedewald.;A L Siu.;M L Shelanski.
来源: JAMA. 2000年283卷1期59-68页
Studies have suggested that the quality of primary care delivered by nurse practitioners is equal to that of physicians. However, these studies did not measure nurse practitioner practices that had the same degree of independence as the comparison physician practices, nor did previous studies provide direct comparison of outcomes for patients with nurse practitioner or physician providers.
1836. Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial.
作者: J Kahn.;S Lagakos.;M Wulfsohn.;D Cherng.;M Miller.;J Cherrington.;D Hardy.;G Beall.;R Cooper.;R Murphy.;N Basgoz.;E Ng.;S Deeks.;D Winslow.;J J Toole.;D Coakley.
来源: JAMA. 1999年282卷24期2305-12页
Adefovir dipivoxil is a nucleotide analog that has demonstrated effective antiretroviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with once-daily administration.
1837. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke.
作者: W M Clark.;S Wissman.;G W Albers.;J H Jhamandas.;K P Madden.;S Hamilton.
来源: JAMA. 1999年282卷21期2019-26页
Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) improves outcomes for patients with acute ischemic stroke, but current approved use is limited to within 3 hours of symptom onset. This restricts the number of patients who can be treated, since most stroke patients present more than 3 hours after symptom onset.
1838. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism.
作者: A Furlan.;R Higashida.;L Wechsler.;M Gent.;H Rowley.;C Kase.;M Pessin.;A Ahuja.;F Callahan.;W M Clark.;F Silver.;F Rivera.
来源: JAMA. 1999年282卷21期2003-11页
Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator can be beneficial to some patients when given within 3 hours of stroke onset, but many patients present later after stroke onset and alternative treatments are needed.
1839. Anti-inflammatory and upper gastrointestinal effects of celecoxib in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial.
作者: L S Simon.;A L Weaver.;D Y Graham.;A J Kivitz.;P E Lipsky.;R C Hubbard.;P C Isakson.;K M Verburg.;S S Yu.;W W Zhao.;G S Geis.
来源: JAMA. 1999年282卷20期1921-8页
In vitro studies have shown that celecoxib inhibits cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) but not COX-1, suggesting that this drug may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity without adverse upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract effects that result from COX-1 inhibition.
1840. Discontinuation of anticytomegalovirus therapy in patients with HIV infection and cytomegalovirus retinitis.
作者: S M Whitcup.;E Fortin.;A S Lindblad.;P Griffiths.;J A Metcalf.;M R Robinson.;J Manischewitz.;B Baird.;C Perry.;I M Kidd.;T Vrabec.;R T Davey.;J Falloon.;R E Walker.;J A Kovacs.;H C Lane.;R B Nussenblatt.;J Smith.;H Masur.;M A Polis.
来源: JAMA. 1999年282卷17期1633-7页
Persons with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have required lifelong anti-CMV therapy to prevent the progression of retinal disease and subsequent loss of vision.
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