Adipose tissue has classically functioned as a filler in restoring facial volume. Adipose tissue is also rich in stem cells, which may have a role in regenerative medicine.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a globally prevalent neurodegenerative disease, clinically characterized by progressive memory loss and gradual impairment of cognitive functions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has been considered a possible therapeutic method for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no quantitative data synthesis of MSC therapy for AD exists. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the effects of MSCs on cognitive deficits in animal models of AD.

Steroid (glucocorticoid)-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a metabolic disease that occurs due to the use of glucocorticoid drugs, leading to impaired blood supply to the femoral head and death of bone cells and bone marrow composition, which in turn lead to structural change, collapse of the femoral head, and articular dysfunction. SONFH is a challenging disorder to treat in adults due to frequent collapse of the femoral head and dysfunction of the hip joint. Eventually, patients require joint arthroplasty surgery, which severely impairs the patients' quality of life. However, the exactly pathogenesis of SONFH is still not clear. Recently, as the development of precision medicine and lucubrating on stem cell and molecular biology, the exact pathogenesis of SONFH is being investigated and more new treatments are being explored. This review article discusses five major theories about the pathogenesis of SONFH.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual loss in older people. Advanced AMD takes two forms, neovascular (wet) and atrophic (dry). Stargardt disease (STGD) is the commonest form of inherited macular dystrophy.

Morgagni diaphragmatic hernia (MH) is rare. We report our experience based on routine patch use in MH repair to curb recurrence. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to study the recurrence and complications associated with minimally invasive surgery and the use of patch.

Obesity is an increasing global health problem, but its treatment is not yet optimal, especially in the long term. For this reason, preclinical studies have been conducted relating to a new therapeutic strategy for obesity based on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs). The aim of our systematic review is to summarize these findings deriving from the animal model in order to establish whether there is sufficient evidence to justify going forward to clinical studies.

Chronic ulcers remain a difficult challenge in healthcare systems. While treatment options are limited, stem cells may be a novel alternative. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) have become increasingly popular compared with bone marrow-derived stem cells as they are far easier to harvest. To summarize the current status of treating chronic ulcers with ADSC, this systematic review includes all clinical trials on the subject from PubMed and EmBase, as well as all registered clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.Gov. A total of nine clinical trials and fourteen registered trials were included. The studies were significantly different in terms of study design and patient population, and the overall quality of the studies was low to moderate. Despite the overall low study quality and the significant differences between the studies, some conclusions were consistent: ADSCs are safe, improve the healing of chronic ulcers, and reduce pain. As these results are consistent despite the shortcomings of the studies, they appear to highlight the efficacy of ADSCs in the treatment of chronic ulcers. Larger numbers of higher quality studies are needed to determine the precise role of ADSCs in treating chronic leg ulcers.

It is now well established that regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy are the most promising approach to obtain full tissue regeneration by using various cell types including stem cells isolated from adult tissues, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Recently, iPSCs have been successfully differentiated into osteoprogenitors to facilitate repair and regeneration of bone defects. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the articles published that assess the osteogenic potential of iPSCs in vitro and their ability to heal bone defects in reconstructive surgery. PICO questions were subjected to literature search in four different databases. Methodological and risk of bias assessment of the included in vitro and in vivo articles were performed. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome variable included in the systematic review. In vivo bone formation was selected as the primary outcome for meta-analysis, and publication bias was explored using funnel plots. Initial literature search retrieved 4,772 studies, whereas only 70 articles included in the review. Yamanaka set was the commonly used reprogramming factor introduced with different vectors into the somatic cells. Several somatic cell sources have been used to successfully produce the iPSCs. iPSCs have osteogenic differentiation capacities and would be considered as a new source of stem cells that can be used in reconstructive surgery for bone regeneration.

The objective of this Review is to describe the safety and efficacy of adipose stem/stromal cells (ASC) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in treating common diseases and the next steps in research that must occur prior to clinical use. Pubmed, Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles about use of SVF or ASC for disease therapy published between 2012 and 2017. One meta-analysis, 2 randomized controlled trials, and 16 case series were included, representing 844 human patients. Sixty-nine studies were performed in preclinical models of disease. ASCs improved symptoms, fistula healing, remission, and recurrence rates in severe cases of inflammatory bowel disease. In osteoarthritis, ASC and SVF improved symptom-related, functional, radiographic, and histological scores. ASC and SVF were also shown to improve clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, myocardial ischemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic liver failure, glioblastoma, acute kidney injury, and chronic skin wounds. These effects were primarily paracrine in nature and mediated through reduction of inflammation and promotion of tissue repair. In the majority of human studies, autologous ASC and SVF from liposuction procedures were used, minimizing the risk to recipients. Very few serious, treatment-related adverse events were reported. The main adverse event was postprocedural pain. SVF and ASC are promising therapies for a variety of human diseases, particularly for patients with severe cases refractory to current medical treatments. Further randomized controlled trials must be performed to elaborate potential safety and efficacy prior to clinical use. Stem Cells 2018;36:1311-1328.

The aim of this review was to test the hypothesis of no difference in the efficacy of bone regeneration when using stem cells in maxillary sinus floor augmentation surgery in comparison to other grafts. Nine randomized clinical trials and one follow-up study involving human subjects were identified through a search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases, supplemented by a hand search. No significant difference between groups was found for the implant survival rate, increase in bone height, marginal bone loss following implant placement, or new bone formation. With regard to the residual bone graft, an effect favouring the graft group at 3-4months (P=0.001) and favouring the stem cell group at 6months (P=0.01) was found. Analyses of the subgroup in which the BMAC system extraction method was used in combination with Bio-Oss, revealed no difference in new bone formation; however, the results for residual bone graft at 3months favoured the control graft (Bio-Oss) (P=0.01), but at 6months favoured the stem cells (Bio-Oss+BMAC system) (P=0.01). Based on all findings, the use of stem cells does not contribute significantly to greater implant survival rates or the efficacy of bone regeneration following sinus lift procedures.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease that results in severe motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, for which there are currently no available treatments. Subsequent to the primary mechanical damage, progressive secondary damage further exacerbates the functional deficit. Demyelination may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SCI. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are considered a candidate cellular treatment approach for SCI attributable to their unique potential. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of OPC transplantation in rat models with traumatic thoracic SCI, and 17 studies (20 experiments, 402 rats) were identified. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating score, latency and amplitude of motor evoked potential (MEP), percentage of myelinated axons, and cavity size were used as outcome measurements. The pooled results of the meta-analysis in different subgroups (based on cell dose or sex) both suggested that the BBB score of the OPC group was significantly improved compared to that of the control group 2, 4, and 8 weeks after transplantation. Whereas the amplitude of MEP was not significantly different, the latency of MEP was significantly shorter compared to that of the control group 4 weeks after transplantation. The percentage of myelinated axons increased significantly in the OPC group compared to that of the control group after OPC transplantation. Area measurements across groups revealed a significant reduction in cavity size in the OPC-treated groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, OPC transplantation provided considerable beneficial effects after traumatic SCI.

Bone marrow disorders encompass a group of diseases characterised by reduced production of red cells, white cells, and platelets, or defects in their function, or both. The most common bone marrow disorder is myelodysplastic syndrome. Thrombocytopenia, a low platelet count, commonly occurs in people with bone marrow failure. Platetet transfusions are routinely used in people with thrombocytopenia secondary to bone marrow failure disorders to treat or prevent bleeding. Myelodysplastic syndrome is currently the most common reason for receiving a platelet transfusion in some Western countries.

The purpose of this study was to highlight the clinical performance of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) used as an adjunctive tool for regeneration in infrabony periodontal defects using different biomaterials or performing different surgical flap approaches. Comparative evaluation of main clinical outcomes as probing pocket depth reduction, clinical attachment gain, and recession reduction with and without the use of PRP has been analysed.

Stem cell therapy has been applied in the treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). However, its clinical efficiency is still debatable. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the clinical efficiency of stem cell therapy in the treatment of ACLF.

What is the prevalence, reproducibility and biological significance of transcriptomic differences between sister blastomeres of the mouse 2-cell embryo?

Adipose-derived stem cells found in fat grafts may have significant healing properties. When fat is combined with autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP), there may be enhanced healing effects due to the pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of PRP. This study aimed to evaluate the current evidence on fat grafting in combination with PRP for wound healing to establish the efficacy of this technique. A comprehensive search in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Science Citation Index, and Google Scholar databases (to March 2017) was conducted to identify studies on fat grafting and PRP for wound healing. Case series of less than 3 cases and studies only describing harvest technique were excluded. The database identified 571 articles, of which 3 articles that used a combination of fat and PRP for wound healing (1 RCT and 2 case series) were included in this review. A total of 69 wounds in 64 patients were treated with an average wound size of 36.32cm2 . Of these, 67% of wounds achieved complete healing. When reported, the mean time to healing was 7.5 weeks for those who underwent a single treatment. There were no significant complications in any patients. The combination of fat grafting and PRP may achieve adequate wound healing with relatively quick wound healing time compared with standard wound management options. However, evidence is extremely limited, and further studies are required to evaluate its efficacy for wound healing.

Based on animal studies, adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising for the treatment of pancreatitis. However, the best type of this form of cell therapy and its mechanism of action remain unclear.

To compile and analyze the published studies on cell therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to obtain a better insight into management of T2DM that involved stem cell therapy.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a condition with high mortality. New strategies are urgently required. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) treatment in patients with ACLF associated with hepatitis B virus infection.

The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) in the clinical setting.