Atrophic scars, caused by insufficient collagen deposition and ECM production during wound healing, significantly affect patients' quality of life. Conventional treatments often fail to achieve complete skin regeneration, prompting interest in regenerative medicine. This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of emerging regenerative therapies, including extracellular vesicles, conditioned media, stromal vascular fraction, and mesenchymal stem cells, in improving atrophic scars.

Neural tissue injuries, including spinal cord damage and neurodegenerative diseases, pose a major clinical challenge due to the central nervous system's limited regenerative capacity. Current treatments focus on stabilization and symptom management rather than functional restoration. Tissue engineering offers new therapeutic perspectives, particularly through the combination of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Electrospun fibers mimic the neural extracellular matrix, providing topographical and mechanical cues that enhance MSC adhesion, viability, and neural differentiation. MSCs are multipotent stem cells with robust paracrine and immunomodulatory activity, capable of supporting regeneration and, under proper stimuli, acquiring neural-like phenotypes. This systematic review, following the PRISMA 2020 method, analyzes 77 selected articles from the last ten years to assess the potential of electrospun biopolymer scaffolds for MSC-mediated neural repair. We critically examine the scaffold's composition (synthetic and natural polymers), fiber architecture (alignment and diameter), structural and mechanical properties (porosity and stiffness), and biofunctionalization strategies. The influence of MSC tissue sources (bone marrow, adipose, and dental pulp) on neural differentiation outcomes is also discussed. The results of a literature search show both in vitro and in vivo enhanced neural marker expression, neurite extension, and functional recovery when MSCs are seeded onto optimized electrospun scaffolds. Therefore, integrating stem cell therapy with advanced biomaterials offers a promising route to bridge the gap between neural injury and functional regeneration.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a burdensome and currently incurable condition which affects over 20 million patients globally. Adipocyte-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) therapy may constitute a valuable strategy in treating this condition, owing to their unique cellular characteristics and beneficial effects on functional recovery. This PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews) review aims to assess whether ADSC therapy is a viable strategy for treating SCI in animal models. We identified a total of 1561 studies after performing a search of four databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Medline. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified a total of 16 articles that were reviewed, assessed and reported in our study. General characteristics of these studies, results of stem cell characterisation, SCI induction protocols, locomotor recovery and bladder function following SCI, were investigated as part of our analysis. Fifteen studies suggested that ADSC therapy has a beneficial effect on motor recovery following SCI. The evidence base regarding adjuvant therapies was, however, variable. Further investigations into the mechanisms that underly recovery following ADSC therapy, and potential adjuvants which could enhance these effects, should follow the outcomes of this systematic review. In turn, this would help expand the treatment options available to SCI patients.

Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from adipose tissue is a rich and accessible source of regenerative cells, including adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). SVF is most commonly isolated from lipoaspirate via enzymatic digestion, a process that is costly and considered 'more than minimal manipulation' by the United States Food and Drug Administration. In contrast, mechanically based isolation techniques have gained attention as a simpler, faster, and regulatory-compliant alternative, making them increasingly appealing for clinical applications.

Tissue engineering creates possibilities for promoting bone regeneration, which can culminate in an ideal therapy for treating bone defects. Considering its tools, especially exosomes (Exos), inferring its efficiency is fundamental for future clinical protocols. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze, through a systematic review, the effectiveness of Exos therapy for regenerating bone. The study followed the PRISMA, and an electronic search for literature was performed until January 2024 to answer the PICO question: Would exosome therapy be effective for bone regeneration? Bone regeneration and cellular and molecular mechanisms were included in primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. The dosage, route of administration, and source cells have also been reported. The risk of bias was investigated according to the criteria of SYRCLE's RoB tool. The meta-analysis was executed using the standardized mean difference for bone mineral density (BMD) and volume ratio bone/whole bone (BV/TV) for cranial bone defects. A total of 3718 were examined, and after applying the eligibility criteria and excluding duplicates, 91 articles were included in the results. All studies demonstrated that Exos were effective in promoting regeneration of bone defects, being superior to the control groups established by each study included in this review, in most cases. The meta-analysis proved the superiority of Exos when BMD and BV/TV were analyzed. An increase in the levels of Runx2, ALP, OCN, OPN, CD31, COL-1, and VEGF, and presence of osteoblasts, M2-type macrophages, and endothelial cells, indicating osteogenic and angiogenic molecular and cellular mechanisms. The mesenchymal stem cells are the most commonly used origin cells. Exos dosage was varied, associated with scaffolds or hydrogels for application in bone defects. The risk of bias identified high scientific evidence for most domains. The Exos therapy is effective for bone regeneration and shows promise for this purpose.

Concentrated bone marrow aspirate (CBMA) has become increasingly popular in the management of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) due to its rich content of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and bioactive substances that promote chondrogenesis and articular cartilage repair. However, comprehensive evaluations of clinical outcomes regarding the use of CBMA in OLT have yet to be published. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidence-based overview of clinical outcomes following the utilization of CBMA in the surgical management of OLT.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a life-threatening cardiac condition with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. This systematic review article highlighted the therapeutic roles of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosomal microRNAs (exo-miRs) in preclinical models of CAD.

To systematically review the effect of applying mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and gene-therapy approach on the bone formation of the distracted area in the maxillofacial region.

Photobiomodulation (PBM), a non-invasive light-based therapy, has gained attention for enhancing osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This systematic review evaluated in vitro evidence regarding PBM effects on the osteogenic differentiation of oral- and adipose-derived human MSCs and aimed to identify effective irradiation parameters.

To quantify the proportion of the overall clinical improvement produced by intra-articular mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injections for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) that is attributable to contextual (placebo-related) effects.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are pivotal in regenerating the blood and immune systems and have been widely used in treating hematologic malignancies like leukemia and lymphoma. Advances in gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and lentiviral vectors, have enabled the modification of HSCs to enhance their therapeutic potential, offering a continuous source of tumor-targeting immune cells. However, challenges related to long-term engraftment, safety, and delivery mechanisms remain.

Traditional pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis face challenges due to various limitations, including long-term safety concerns and limited bone anabolic effects. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising cell-free alternative therapy. However, their preclinical efficacy and the factors driving heterogeneity still require systematic evaluation.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a significant challenge in hematologic oncology, with high relapse rates and limited treatment options. Natural killer (NK) cells, as key effectors of innate immunity, have shown strong anti-leukemic activity, making them promising candidates for immunotherapy. Despite increasing clinical interest, a comprehensive evaluation of NK cell-based therapies in AML is still needed.

This systematic review assesses the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer progression and therapy resistance by defining drug-microenvironment interactions and determining the molecular determinants in the TME that could help improve the efficacy of administered treatments and alleviate existing adverse effects.

Background: Green light photobiomodulation (GPBM, 500-565 nm) promotes tissue healing, reduces inflammation, and alleviates pain, with emerging potential in bone repair. This review evaluates GPBM's therapeutic effects on bone-related cells (proliferation, differentiation, migration), inflammation, vascularization, and neuronal responses. Methods: We assessed the influence of different GPBM parameters, possible underlying molecular mechanisms, and prospects for in vivo applications based on available studies. Results: GPBM acts through mitochondria, opsins, and transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels. The most effective irradiation method uses low irradiance (5.3-100 mW/cm2) with a single exposure of ∼5 J/cm2. Excessively low irradiance is ineffective, while excessively high irradiance may cause inhibitory effects. GPBM enhances bone-related cell functions, suppresses inflammation, and promotes vascular and neuronal responses. Conclusions: GPBM shows promise for bone repair, but further research is needed to optimize parameters, clarify molecular mechanisms, and standardize clinical trial protocols to ensure reliable in vivo outcomes.

Although numerous clinical trials have explored stem cell-based therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), their findings are inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapies, including mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and their derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), in the treatment of ARDS.

In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely applied in the clinical treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), demonstrating promising therapeutic efficacy. However, intervention protocols for MSCs have not yet been standardized, and evidence regarding the impact of different injection frequencies on the efficacy and safety of MSC treatment in KOA remains limited.

Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) involves chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and abnormal extracellular matrix remodeling, involving extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) and non-coding RNAs, particularly miR-155. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) offer regenerative potential through the release of growth factors and cytokines that promote angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and tissue repair, which could potentially compensate for the disordered matrix in VLS. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of PRP, ADSCs, and active substances administered through mesotherapy to adult women with VLS. A search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases identified 251 records, of which 13 studies met the inclusion criteria (RCTs and cohort studies involving women aged ≥ 18 years who were treated with PRP, ADSCs, or mesotherapy). The reviewed studies suggest that these therapies may improve clinical symptoms, quality of life, sexual function, and tissue quality. However, their application may be constrained by procedural invasiveness and potential immunologic risks. Moreover, the current evidence base is limited by small sample sizes, a lack of control groups, and short follow-up periods. Larger, well-designed randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are needed to confirm their therapeutic value and establish clear clinical guidelines.

Relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) remains a major drawback of the procedure, occurring in approximately 30-60% of patients. While most relapses arise from the original malignant clone, they may also emerge from donor-derived cells harbouring genetic defects that confer a malignant phenotype. Although initially considered an exceedingly rare phenomenon, advances in molecular techniques for chimerism analysis have led to an increase in case reporting and awareness of donor-derived malignancy (DDM), with a rising estimated incidence. Differentiating between relapse of the original disease and DDM is critical, as they are associated with distinct treatment approaches and outcomes. In the case of DDM, there may also be significant ethical implications for the donor, with the dilemma of whether donors should be notified and whether high-risk donor populations - such as older individuals and those providing umbilical cord blood grafts - should be screened for germline mutations or clones of indeterminate potential prior to donation. Since the first report of a DDM case in 1971, 64 cases were reported through 2009. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and critically analyze the DDM cases reported from 2009 to 2024, identifying potential common characteristics that may predispose to DDM development.

The growing demand for effective methods of bone tissue regeneration highlights the relevance of studying modern bone substitutes and their applications in regenerative medicine. The aim of this work was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the biological, mechanical, and clinical characteristics of various types of bone substitutes to determine their potential in regenerative medicine.