Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) are effective agents in different tumor types. A typical class of adverse events (AEs) associated with these agents, often leading to treatment modifications and discontinuations of treatment, is hematological toxicity. In our systematic review and safety meta-analysis, we investigated the incidence and risk of all grades and ≥ grade (G) 3 hematological AEs, including anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML)/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) due to PARPis, used alone or in combination, in patients diagnosed with solid tumors. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. We systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the European Society of Medical Oncology meeting abstracts for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) concerning the use of PARPis in patients with solid tumors. The search deadline was April 30, 2024. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) for all-grade and ≥ G3 AEs of PARPis versus non-PARPis. 31 phase II/III RCTs were included. Anemia was the most common all-grade (49.2%) and ≥ G3 AE (25.0%). The administration of PARPis significantly increased the risk of developing all grades of anemia (RR = 2.15, p < 0.00001), neutropenia (RR = 1.50, p = 0.0002), and thrombocytopenia (RR = 2.59, p < 0.00001) compared to non-PARPis. Similarly, a significant increase in the risk of ≥ G3 anemia (RR = 5.43, p < 0.00001), neutropenia (RR = 1.70, p = 0.002), and thrombocytopenia (RR = 5.42, p < 0.00001) was detected. PARPis did not increase the risk of AML/MDS (p = 0.86). PARPis increase the risk of hematologic toxicity compared to other treatments in solid tumors. Clinicians should be aware of this risk, especially given the expected increase in PARPis use in the next year in different tumor types.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved outcomes for various malignancies. However, serious immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including neurologic complications (NAEs), may occur. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and spectrum of NAEs and evaluate management strategies for reducing their impact.

Recently, there has been significant attention focused on neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy (NICT) for the treatment of resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In order to assess the efficacy and safety of this innovative combination in relation to traditional neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT), we performed a systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

The first-line treatment for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) has evolved from chemotherapy alone to chemoimmunotherapy. However, the improvements in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) have been modest. Therefore, this study employs a comprehensive multidimensional evaluation framework to identify optimized therapeutic combinations with enhanced efficacy and improved safety profiles in the immunotherapy era.

Because no conclusive data demonstrate superiority among NK1 receptor antagonists (RA), existing antiemetic guidelines regard them as interchangeable. This individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis compared the efficacy of NEPA (netupitant/fosnetupitant) and aprepitant/fosaprepitant-based regimens in preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lenvatinib plus transarterial chemoembolization with or without programmed death-1 inhibitors (PD-1 inhibitors) in the treatment of intermediate or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Advanced esophageal cell carcinoma (ESCC) is associated with poor survival outcomes. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of advanced ESCC. We aim to study PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors across other variables in advanced ESCC, including data presented at the September 2024 FDA Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC) meeting.

Preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and Computed Tomography(CT)-defined emphysema are associated with worse prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) receiving chemotherapy, but the impact of these comorbidities on patients undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) remains largely unclear.

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer (BTC).

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized gynecologic oncology, but their value in endometrial cancer remains unclear. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICIs in combination with systemic treatment in this setting.

Our primary objective is to evaluate the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in the protection against cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) in adults with both cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted in five databases for studies published up to January 5th, 2025, using a PECO strategy. Seven studies were identified for quantitative analysis and included in our meta-analysis. Primary studies evaluating the use of SGLT2 inhibitors for the protection against CTRCD were included, specifically those in which CTRCD developed after chemotherapy and without a prior history of heart failure as the primary outcome. In the meta-analysis of 10,460 patients who received SGLT2i versus 12,815 in the control group, we found that SGLT2i use was associated with a 48% reduction in the risk of developing CTRCD (RR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30-0.90; I2: 31%). Additionally, there was a reduction in both all-cause mortality (RR 0.44; 95% CI: 0.31-0.63; I2: 90%) and acute kidney injury (AKI) as a complication (RR 0.61; 95% CI: 0.49-0.77; I2: 0%). The use of SGLT2i in patients with cancer and T2DM may reduce the risk of CTRCD, mortality, and AKI.

Skeletal muscle loss during chemotherapy has been associated with poorer outcomes and reduced survival across several types of cancer. However, the extent and progression of muscle loss during treatment for childhood cancers remain unclear. A better understanding could help identify children at increased risk and inform the timing of targeted intervention. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the evidence on skeletal muscle changes during treatment for childhood cancers and identify factors that influence these outcomes. A systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Studies were eligible if they included children and adolescents (< 19 years) undergoing cancer treatment and reported muscle quantity at a minimum of two time points. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Twenty studies (n = 646; age range: 2.5-14.7 years) were included. A significant decline in muscle quantity was observed during the early phase of treatment (standardized mean difference (SMD): SMD =  - 0.36; 95% CI: - 0.59 to - 0.13; p < 0.05). At later follow-up time points, the overall change was not statistically significant (SMD =  - 0.08; 95% CI: - 0.27 to 0.10; p = 0.36). However, estimates of muscle quantity varied significantly by assessment modality (p = 0.048).

Intravitreal injections (IVIs) can cause a transient asymptomatic spike in intraocular pressure (IOP), which may cause irreversible damage to the patient's optic nerve. Anterior chamber paracentesis (ACP) is a well-established method to lower IOP. We aim to systematically review the literature, assessing the safety and efficacy of ACP for increased IOP with IVI of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications.

Chemotherapy causes physiological, psychological, and social impairments in patients with cancer. Frailty reduces the effectiveness of chemotherapy and increases the toxicity associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the possibility of chemotherapy failure, and adverse outcomes. However, factors affecting chemotherapy-related frailty in patients with cancer remain unclarified.

No correlation between the dose, adverse events, and efficacy was detected in clinical trials of anti-PD-1 antibodies across a range of solid and hematological malignancies. Given that dose reduction with potentially comparable clinical efficacy may improve access to treatment, particularly in low-income regions, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy in relapsed/refractory (r/r) classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL).

With the escalating global incidence and mortality of lung cancer, immunotherapy has achieved modest success while facing persistent challenges. The immunomodulatory effect of radiotherapy has gradually gained attention, especially the abscopal effect observed in the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Although mechanistically controversial, its clinical significance in lung cancer treatment is noteworthy. Therefore, this study aims to delve into the therapeutic differences between immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) combined with radiotherapy (RT) and traditional immunotherapy alone, aiming to provide scientific evidence for optimizing lung cancer treatment strategies, improving patient outcomes, and enhancing survival rates.

China implemented the Priority Review Program (PRP) to accelerate the approval of innovative drugs with significant clinical value. This study explores whether drugs approved through the PRP have more significant clinical benefits by comparing differences in approval time, efficacy, and safety between drugs approved through the priority and non-priority review pathways.

Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) represents a critical stage in prostate cancer management. Two pivotal phase III clinical trials have demonstrated survival benefit with enzalutamide in mHSPC. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of enzalutamide based on subgroup analyses and reconstructed individual patient-level data.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD- 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), alone or combined with other therapies, for ovarian cancer. However, the optimal strategy remains unclear. This study evaluated their effectiveness as monotherapy and in combination.

Based on the data in clinical studies, the authors explored the potential link between cancer immunotherapy and Neurological Adverse Events (NAEs), and established a clinical picture.