Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a downstream molecule of the IFN pathways central to many cellular processes. ISG15 mainly exerts its function through a post-translational modification process known as ISGylation.

Liver transplantation (LT) remains hampered by post-transplant complications. While gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to transplant outcomes, the role of the intrahepatic graft's native microbiota remains unexplored.

SCG101 is an autologous T-cell therapy specifically targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) using a natural, high-affinity T-cell receptor that is stably expressed.

A detailed mapping of functional differences among intestinal regions in healthy individuals remains incomplete. Identifying regional alterations in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) could enhance our understanding of disease-related intestinal changes.

Cholecystectomy is commonly performed globally, and many patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) report that their symptoms have either preceded or developed following cholecystectomy.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous neoplasm of the biliary epithelium that easily infiltrates, metastasises and recurs. Magnesium disbalance is a hallmark of CCA, with the magnesium transporter cyclin M4 (CNNM4) being a key driver of various hepatic diseases. This study aims to unravel the role of CNNM4 in the initiation and progression of CCA.

Quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg) is an important biomarker in chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

The liver is a highly multifunctional organ that can perform many metabolic and immunological functions due to a highly complex spatially organised microarchitecture that is disturbed in many liver diseases. Recent methodological advances in spatial omics technologies enable the comprehensive study of the intrahepatic proteome, transcriptome and metabolome at near single-cell and subcellular resolution. The spatial resolution adds an additional dimension to our understanding of the liver, with the potential to revolutionise our insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver physiology and their dysregulation in liver disease. The identification of spatial niches and interactions is empowered by advanced bioinformatics approaches facilitating spatial cellular and network-level analysis and providing novel opportunities for clinical translation. A recent example in immuno-oncology is the use of spatial architecture-based immune classifications, which can improve patient stratification. In this review, we provide an overview of the current methodology and novel spatial insights into metabolic, infectious, immune-mediated, toxic and malign liver diseases and discuss perspectives for clinical translation.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal malignant tumour with increasing incidence. Current therapies exhibit limited benefits, which urgently demand the identification of novel therapeutic targets.

Non-invasive biomarkers with biological rationale are needed for identifying patients with progressive metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).

Lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) are increasingly used for the endoscopic management of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs), including walled-off necrosis (WON) and pancreatic pseudocysts (PCs).

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) of various aetiologies is a complex syndrome with high short-term mortality and significant global burden.

The integration of advanced endoscopy within the practice of hepatology is nowadays heralded in the concept of 'endohepatology' and is dichotomised in applications intervening for disorders of the hepatic parenchyma and vasculature and for biliary tract disease. Current applications under the umbrella of endohepatology focus on advanced diagnostics and vascular, metabolic and hepatobiliary interventions. These involve, among others, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided liver biopsy, EUS-guided portal pressure gradient measurement, coil and glue embolisation of gastric varices and spontaneous portosystemic shunts, artificial-assisted cholangioscopy.In this review, we aim to focus on different applications within endohepatology which are at the benchtop (or coming close by) and attempt to prognosticate potential future techniques within this rapidly evolving field.

Circulating tumour cell (CTC)-neutrophil clusters represent a key driver and a hallmark of tumour metastasis; however, efficient approaches for their elimination are still lacking.

Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is a food allergen-induced inflammatory disorder characterised by interleukin (IL)-13-mediated oesophageal inflammation and epithelial basal cell hyperplasia (BCH). The role of mitochondria in EoE pathogenesis remains elusive.

Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) is an enteroendocrine hormone expressed in distal colonic 'L cells'. Bile acid receptor agonists are known to stimulate INSL5 secretion in primary cell culture, and administration of an INSL5 analogue in animals promotes colonic motility.

Steatotic liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma (SLD-HCC), a rising global challenge, is characterised by unique tumour microenvironment (TME) adaptations.

Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), particularly the incomplete subtype (Inc IM), is strongly associated with increased gastric cancer (GC) risk. However, its role as a true precursor lesion remains uncertain.

With the recent conditional approval of resmetirom by the US Food and Drug Administration, the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has potentially entered a new era, requiring a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of non-invasive tests (NITs) for diagnosing and monitoring MASLD-related fibrosis. This article focuses on F2/F3 liver fibrosis and summarises the current application status of NITs, including serum biomarkers, imaging methods and their combined use in the management of MASLD. The article highlights the application of NITs in several areas, including diagnosis and baseline stratification, monitoring progression of fibrosis, prediction of liver-related clinical events, as well as assessment of disease regression, remission and long-term liver-related outcomes. Furthermore, we compare the advantages and limitations of NITs and propose practical strategies for integrating them into clinical practice. Additionally, we highlight the main challenges currently faced in the application of these NITs and potential future research avenues. We suggest that future studies prioritise the validation of NITs across diverse ethnic populations. We believe it essential to explore the role of NITs in dynamic monitoring and integration of multiomics technologies, artificial intelligence and personalised risk models to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.

Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics commonly used in eradication regimens is increasing dramatically in many locations; new strategies are needed to manage this infectious disease.