Obesity-related alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to cognitive decline, yet their relationship with attention remains poorly understood.

Diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) is the most common manifestation in germline CTNNA1 variant carriers, with one study estimating a 49-57% lifetime risk by age 80. Knowledge on CTNNA1-associated hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), loss-of-function mechanisms, variant-type causality, disease spectrum and cancer risks remains scarce.

Although surgical gastrojejunostomy (SGJ) is the standard method for palliation of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), an endoscopic method-endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE)-has been proposed as a novel, less invasive approach.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, largely due to the limited efficacy of current therapies in advanced stages of the disease. Most cases of HCC develop in the setting of chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, where ongoing cycles of inflammation, hepatocyte death and regeneration foster the gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote malignant transformation. These molecular changes contribute to the high degree of tumour heterogeneity observed in HCC, a major factor underlying resistance to current treatments. As a result, sustained clinical responses to existing therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, remain uncommon. In this context, a growing body of evidence has identified epigenetic dysregulation as a key driver of tumour progression and therapeutic resistance, highlighting a new frontier for intervention. This review provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of epigenetic therapies in HCC, summarising results from both completed and ongoing clinical trials involving the so-called 'epidrugs'. Importantly, we discuss how targeting epigenetic mechanisms may not only suppress tumour growth but also enhance the effectiveness of current therapies by reversing resistance pathways. By translating complex molecular insights into tangible therapeutic strategies, epigenetics is poised to reshape the future of HCC management, offering renewed hope for more durable and personalised treatment responses in a disease where progress is urgently needed.

Recent advances in high-throughput microbiome profiling have generated expansive data sets that offer unprecedented opportunities to investigate the role of microbes in human health. However, the complexity and high dimensionality of these data present significant analytical challenges that often exceed the capabilities of traditional computational methods. Artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing both classical machine learning and modern deep learning approaches, has emerged as a powerful solution to these challenges. In this review, we systematically explore AI-driven methodologies in microbiome research, including clustering algorithms, dimensionality reduction techniques, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, and emerging large language models. We assess how these approaches enable the extraction of meaningful biological patterns from complex microbial data from a multiscale perspective, facilitating insights into community dynamics, host-microbe interactions and functional genomics. Additionally, we explore the transformative impact of AI on translational applications across both academic research and real-world clinical settings, including disease diagnostics, therapeutic development and precision microbiome engineering. By critically evaluating the current capabilities and limitations of AI in this context, this review aims to chart a path forward for the integration of AI into microbiome research, ultimately accelerating innovations in personalised medicine and deepening our understanding of host-microbiome relationships.

The cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (Cck2r) is expressed in corpus isthmus progenitor, enterochromaffin-like and parietal cells, regulating acid secretion and cell turnover. However, the role of gastrin on Cck2r progenitors during mucosal regeneration remains unexplored.

Combining chemotherapy with anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) improves clinical outcomes in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), yet the underlying synergistic mechanism remains obscured. Moreover, 30-50% of patients still derive no therapeutic benefit from the combination strategy, highlighting the need to decipher and overcome resistance.

Effect of glycaemic control on pancreatic cancer (PC) development in patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear.

Current microbiome-based therapeutics face two prominent issues: the limited clinical efficacy of probiotics and the significant variability in the efficacy of microbiota transplantation across different diseases. Although washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) is a new faecal microbiota transplantation, a single therapeutic agent cannot be universally effective for multiple dysbiosis-related diseases.

Cancers of the oesophagus and stomach are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Research is crucial to improving outcomes. However, to maximise value and impact, areas of focus should be prioritised in partnership with patients.

Fructose has been identified as a potential alternative energy source for cancer cells, facilitated by the fructose-specific transporter GLUT5. Elevated GLUT5 expression in cancer cells has been associated with increased tumour aggressiveness. However, the role of fructose in remodelling the tumour microenvironment, particularly in modulating cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) behaviour, remains underexplored.

To convene a global consensus on Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) screening and eradication strategies for gastric cancer prevention, identify key knowledge gaps and outline future research directions.

Late-onset diarrhoea remains a poorly managed concern for clinical irinotecan therapy. Although bacterial β-glucuronidases (β-GUS) mediated SN-38 production is prevailingly thought to mediate intestinal toxicity, β-GUS inhibitors confer limited benefits in the clinic.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, leading to cognitive decline. Recent research has highlighted the involvement of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in AD progression, suggesting that the disease may also affect the gut.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a highly aggressive biliary tract cancer with a poor prognosis and a complex tumour microenvironment (TME) that remains poorly understood.

Pregnancy can be a complex and risk filled event for women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). High-quality studies in this population are lacking, with limited data on medications approved to treat IBD during pregnancy. For patients, limited knowledge surrounding pregnancy impacts pregnancy rates, medication adherence, and outcomes. Limited provider knowledge leads to highly varied practices in care affected by local dogma, available resources, individual interpretation of the literature, and fear of harming the fetus. The variations in guidelines by different societies and countries reflect this and lead to confusion for physicians and patients alike. The Global Consensus Consortium is a group of 39 IBD and content experts and 7 patient advocates from 6 continents who convened to review and assess current data and come to an agreement on best practices based on these data.

Recent studies have shown increased duodenal mucosal permeability as a possible key player in the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia (FD). Adverse reaction to nutrients is an important candidate underlying mechanism. Intragastric infusion of fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) induced symptoms reminiscent of FD with a rapid onset.

The aetiology and pathogenesis of IBD are intricate, involving genetic and environmental factors. Notably, cigarette smoking has contrasting effects, being detrimental to Crohn's disease (CD) and beneficial to UC. However, the mechanisms underlying these opposite effects remain unclear.

Limited evidence supports colonoscopy surveillance practices among individuals aged <50 years.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a life-threatening syndrome involving dysfunction of multiple immune cell types.