A comprehensive overview of the cost-effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments for overweight or obesity is lacking.

Overweight and obesity are closely linked to diseases such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke and have been shown to increase mortality risk.

Older adults often have impaired physiologic reserve and are at higher risk for postoperative complications after spinal fusion surgery.

Observational studies report a protective association between herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination and dementia, but they have methodological limitations or examined a live attenuated vaccine no longer available in the United States.

The American College of Physicians (ACP) developed this clinical guideline for internal medicine physicians and other clinicians caring in outpatient settings for adults with overweight or obesity.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anemia worldwide and a major cause of disability, manifesting with symptoms including fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance, worsening heart failure, impaired concentration, irritability, and depression. Women of reproductive age are disproportionately affected due to menstrual blood loss and gynecologic disorders. Iron deficiency anemia is diagnosed in patients who have both iron deficiency (ID), noted by low ferritin level and/or transferrin saturation, and anemia. Notably, iron deficiency (ID) can also occur in the absence of anemia, and overreliance on hemoglobin thresholds may risk missing the diagnosis in menstruating women due to flawed sex-specific reference ranges. Work-up for ID and IDA should focus on identifying the underlying cause of anemia, and may include a gynecologic work-up, bidirectional endoscopy, testing for Helicobacter pylori infection and celiac disease, as well as administering a trial of iron. Iron deficiency can be treated with either oral or intravenous iron. Although several guidelines address the diagnosis or management of ID and IDA, they differ in their recommendations based on the population studied, the clinical context, and the quality of the underlying evidence. Here, 2 hematologists and coauthors of the 2025 Iron Consortium Guideline published in Lancet Haematology discuss areas of guideline uncertainty relating to the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of patients with IDA and for Ms. B, a young woman diagnosed with ID.