Malignant effusions provide a critical window into metastatic biology. Malignant effusion-derived organoids (ME-PDTOs) hold promise for modeling metastasis and predicting drug response, but the evidence remains fragmented. This systematic review aims to synthesize current evidence on the validity of ME-PDTOs as metastasis models and their concordance with clinical drug responses.

Advances in systemic cancer therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and anti-angiogenic agents have markedly improved survival in patients with solid and hematologic malignancies. As survivorship increases, oral rehabilitation with dental implants is increasingly sought to restore quality of life. However, these therapies may adversely affect bone healing, angiogenesis, and immune regulation, raising concerns regarding implant-related complications. This systematic review aimed to evaluate reported dental implant outcomes and complications in patients receiving novel systemic cancer therapies, emphasizing the implications for supportive oncology.

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and although conventional chemotherapy has demonstrated therapeutic benefits, its clinical utility is often limited by severe systemic adverse effects. Advances in targeted drug delivery, particularly through monoclonal antibody-based therapies, have significantly improved treatment specificity and patient outcomes. Among nanocarrier systems, liposomes have emerged as highly effective platforms capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, thereby enhancing therapeutic index, improving pharmacokinetics and enabling controlled drug release. To further refine tumour targeting efficiency, antibody-modified liposomes, immunoliposomes, have been developed as the next generation of liposomal therapeutics. Diverse strategies for conjugating monoclonal antibodies to liposomal surfaces have been established, along with the development of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli-responsive designs capable of site-selective drug delivery. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, summarises recent advances in immunoliposome engineering and evaluates their performance across various cancer cell models, highlighting their potential to transform targeted cancer therapy.

The first-line treatment for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer continues to pose significant clinical challenges. While the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has transformed the existing treatment paradigm, the lack of direct comparisons between the different immunotherapy regimens limits the selection of optimal strategies for diverse patient populations.

The treatment landscape for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has changed profoundly with the introduction of novel drug classes, some approved solely on the basis of single-arm early-phase trials. We aimed to evaluate antitumour activity and safety outcomes across drug classes in early-phase trials in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma since 2000.

The therapeutic landscape of HCC has evolved, with ICI-based combinations progressively replacing TKI monotherapy as standard first-line treatment, although concerns remain regarding their safety profile.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have emerged as an important part of systemic treatment across disease sites. To date, there is no robust pooled prevalence estimate of nausea and vomiting induced by ADCs. Establishing such estimates is essential to determine if ADC-induced nausea and vomiting (ADCINV) represents a clinically significant problem warranting further research into antiemetic prophylaxis. Our aim is to report the prevalence of reported ADCINV across literature.

Cisplatin-induced hearing loss (CIHL) in pediatric cancer patients is an irreversible and highly prevalent adverse effect with a devastating impact on quality of life. Sodium thiosulfate (STS) has recently been approved for systemic administration as an otoprotective agent in children. However, implementation of systemic STS has its challenges, and there is currently limited evidence to support local STS for children. This review investigates the potential value of locally administered otoprotective agents other than STS with a focus on future pediatric implementation. We conducted a systematic review on the efficacy and safety of locally applied non-STS otoprotective agents in in vivo settings. This included a summary of investigated drug delivery methods and administration routes. We identified 70 preclinical and eight clinical studies. Agents were categorized based on their biological mechanisms: anti-inflammatory, chemical deactivators, calcium blockers, biologicals, and miscellaneous mechanisms. Preclinical studies investigated 45 different agents. Dexamethasone and N-acetylcysteine were identified as efficacious agents recurrently and progressed to clinical trials. Dexamethasone was investigated in three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and three non-randomized clinical studies and showed statistically significant but not clinically relevant benefit in two trials. N-acetylcysteine was investigated in two clinical trials and one RCT and was minimally effective in the RCT and in one clinical study. Our review did not identify available studies of local alternative otoprotective agents that could reliably replace systemic STS in terms of safety and efficacy for pediatric patients. Further research on the optimal dosage, delivery method, and timing of otoprotective agents is needed.

Combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment, improving the quality of life and overall survival of patients. A deep knowledge of the side effects of ICIs and TKIs combination therapy is mandatory to ensure patient compliance and improve clinical outcomes. Both ICIs and TKIs may cause endocrinopathies such as thyroid dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency, hypophysitis, and diabetes mellitus. To avoid life-threatening conditions and improve patient’s compliance and outcomes, an early diagnosis of endocrine toxicity should be achieved and a multidisciplinary approach involving both endocrinologists and oncologists may be beneficial. This review specifically examines the endocrine adverse events reported in the clinical trials of ICI plus TKI combined treatment, their underlying mechanisms, and practical management guidelines.

Curcumin (CUR), an active secondary metabolite of Curcuma longa, is known for its therapeutic effects in diverse neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions. Here, we systematically reviewed relevant literature to explore the efficacy and cytotoxicity of CUR and its derivatives in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in preclinical and clinical settings.

Previous meta-analyses associate cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs) with improved survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, quantifying their actual prognostic benefit is complicated by immortal time bias inherent in aggregate data. Furthermore, the prognostic utility of cirAEs across distinct treatment regimens-specifically anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy versus chemo-immunotherapy-has not been rigorously evaluated using time-adjusted methods. We applied individual patient data (IPD) reconstruction and landmark analyses to assess the regimen-specific prognostic impact of early-onset cirAEs.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant forms of brain cancer, posing challenges to modern oncology. Current treatments, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy (e.g., Temozolomide or TMZ), often fail due to the inevitable development of drug resistance. TMZ resistance remains a major therapeutic challenge for the reasons that it is the first-line treatment. Recent studies indicate a rising GBM tumour burden and a trend towards earlier age of onset. It highlights the urgent need for evidence-based policymaking and intensified research to address this most difficult-to-treat malignancy in clinical settings. Ferroptosis, a newly recognized type of controlled cell death induced by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a potential approach to overcome apoptosis resistance and restore drug sensitivity in GBM. This mechanism is modulated by key molecules that can be specifically targeted to either enhance oxidative stress or inhibit antioxidant defences, ultimately leading to tumour cell death. This review conducts a meta-analysis of preclinical evidence to better understand the potential of activating ferroptosis as a key target for developing nanoparticles to resensitize TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Current evidence indicates that combining ferroptosis induction with strategically engineered nanocarrier systems can serve as a novel and effective therapeutic approach to overcome TMZ resistance and advance precision-based GBM treatment.

PURPOSE: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the influencing factors of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy(CIPN) in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHOD: An electronic literature search was carried out across PubMed, Web of Scienc, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and SinoMed to locate research on factors influencing CIPN in CRC. The search encompassed records from the inception of the databases up to June 30, 2025. Two researchers conducted independent screenings of the studies, evaluated their quality, and extracted relevant data. Meta-analysis was performed utilizing RevMan software. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies involving 2008 patients were analyzed, from which 14 potential influencing factors were identified. The meta-analysis indicated that certain factors were significantly linked to a heightened risk of CIPN in individuals with CRC: age ≥ 60 years (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.13), smoking history (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.27), diabetes (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.01 to 4.07), Hypomagnesemia(OR = 4.17, 95% CI: 2.00 to 8.33), cumulative oxaliplatin dose ≥ 500 mg/m² (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.63), and Cold exposure (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.30). CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis identifies several potential risk factors for CIPN in CRC, the thin evidence base across most subgroups precludes definitive conclusions. These findings should be regarded as hypothesis-generating, providing preliminary signals for future prospective studies designed to validate these associations and inform targeted interventions.

This paper reviews the efficacy and safety of various dosing regimens and treatment cycles of intravitreal faricimab as therapy for Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). The included studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or post-hoc analyses of RCTs involving a population of ARMD or macular related disorder patients receiving faricimab therapy. Study outcomes were assessed by best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) or central macular subfield thickness (CST). Data extracted from the journals included characteristics of the patient population, subgroup population, treatment used, therapeutic dose, treatment cycle, BCVA, CVA, number of populations with severe adverse events, and severe ocular adverse events. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, with values ≤ 40% considered homogeneous. A random effects model was applied when effect estimates crossed the line of no effect. Effect sizes were reported as mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. We included eight studies with a total of 8458 study populations. There are several doses that can be given (1.5 mg and 6 mg) and several cycles of administration (every 4, 8, 12, 16 weeks and personalized treatment interval). Faricimab 6 mg every sixteen weeks has shown a better effect than aflibercept and ranibizumab. These findings suggest that faricimab 6 mg administered every sixteen weeks demonstrated superior outcomes in improving best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and greater reductions in central subfield thickness (CST) compared to aflibercept 2 mg every eight weeks. However, a more frequent regimens were associated with significantly higher severe adverse events, especially ocular severe adverse events.

Resina Draconis is a prestigious traditional Chinese medicine agent used to invigorate blood and resolve stasis. In traditional theory, malignancies are often characterized by severe blood stasis and pathological accumulation ("Zhengjia"). Thus, its traditional stasis-resolving efficacy offers a rationale for cancer therapy.

PURPOSE: The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to effective treatment in neuro-oncology, as it limits the penetration of therapeutic agents into tumors of the central nervous system. This systematic review aimed to systematically synthesize clinical and translational evidence on BBB modulation for enhanced drug delivery in brain tumor therapy, with emphasis on clinical outcomes, intratumoral exposure and mechanistic pharmacodynamic endpoints. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and ScienceDirect from January 2000 to December 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. We included clinical and translational research, such as randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series, that assessed techniques to disrupt the blood–brain or blood–tumor barrier. Main strategies included intra-arterial osmotic disruption, low-intensity focused ultrasound, laser interstitial thermal therapy, pharmacological modulation, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies were included. Osmotic disruption with intra-arterial mannitol remains the most studied approach, showing enhanced intratumoral drug concentration and potential survival benefits. Focused ultrasound has emerged as a non-invasive, repeatable method with immunomodulatory effects. Laser interstitial therapy facilitates temporary barrier disruption. Pharmacological agents like AZD1775 and Trotabresib, and targeted systems such as immunoliposomes, showed variable central nervous system penetration. Biomarkers and imaging parameters, such as transthyretin and Ktrans, were used to assess barrier permeability. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic disruption of the blood–brain barrier is a promising strategy to enhance intratumoral drug delivery in brain tumors. Further clinical trials and biomarker validation are needed to optimize safety and efficacy.

Infusion-related reactions (IRRs) to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been reported in up to 20% of administrations, but the incidence varies among ICIs.

On a global scale, breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer that affects women and the leading cause of death. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy are the contemporary approaches that are utilized in the treatment of breast cancer. However, these treatments come with a number of downsides, including resistance to medicine, unpleasant side effects, and treatment outcomes that are not satisfying enough to be considered satisfactory. The most important objective of this review was to incorporate the most recent discoveries about flavonoids, which are a category of polyphenolic chemicals that are obtained from plants. The majority of flavonoids can be found in foods, including fruits, vegetables, and plants used for medicinal purposes. A number of studies have shown that flavonoids possess anticancer properties and hence could serve as adjunctive drugs for the treatment of BC.

Purpose 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a traditional chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of multiple cancers. This systematic review aimed to summarize the population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) models for both intravenous and pro-drug formulations in cancer patients and to understand the different covariates that affect the pharmacokinetics of 5-FU. Methods the search included studies published from inception to December 2025 in the English language. The non-linear mixed effects model with parametric approach for 5-FU in cancer patients was set as the inclusion criteria. A total of 186 articles were screened for their titles and abstracts from Scopus, PubMed and EMBASE. Out of which 156 were excluded. Out of the 36 articles reviewed, 21 were found suitable for the review. Most of the studies reported a one-compartmental model. Several covariates, including body surface area (BSA), body weight, cancer type, age, gender, UH2/U ratio, serum albumin, creatinine clearance, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and skeletal muscle index (SMI), influence the pharmacokinetic parameters, including clearance and volume of distribution. Results skeletal muscle index (SMI), body weight, sex, and BSA were the primary covariates influencing the pharmacokinetics of 5-FU. Among the covariates consistently reported as significant, sex was an important determinant of clearance, with males exhibiting higher clearance than females. Increases in body weight and skeletal muscle index were associated with increased clearance, while volume of distribution decreased with lower body surface area. Alkaline phosphatase was reported to have a negative effect on clearance. The substantial interindividual variability observed across studies likely contributes to heterogeneity in reported covariate effects and underscores the need for individualized dosing approaches for 5-FU. Conclusion body weight and sex reported to show clinical significance. This necessitates the need for consideration of these covariates in dosing adjustment. This review summarizes covariates influencing the pharmacokinetics of 5-FU, and reports those identified as significant based on forest plot analysis. This study helps the researchers to perform predictive performance of the reported PopPK models, supporting future model-informed precision dosing strategies for 5-FU-based therapies.

Cancer remains a major global health burden, with increasing incidence and limited access to effective and safe therapies. Isoorientin (ISO), a naturally occurring C-glucosyl flavone found in various medicinal plants, has garnered attention for its diverse pharmacological properties, particularly anticancer effects. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate and synthesize available in vitro and in vivo evidence on the anticancer potential of isoorientin across various cancer types. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in databases including PubMed, PMC, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane up to November 2025. Studies investigating the effects of isoorientin on apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, proliferation, migration, and invasion in cancer models were included. A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Isoorientin exhibited significant anticancer activity in multiple cancer types, including lung, liver, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and oral cancers. It induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner and caused G0/G1 or G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, isoorientin modulated several signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt, AMPK, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin. It also downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Mcl-1) and upregulated pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, cytochrome c, caspases). Two xenograft studies confirmed its in vivo tumor-suppressive effects. Isoorientin demonstrates robust preclinical anticancer effects by targeting key pathways involved in apoptosis, proliferation, and metastasis. Further translational research, including clinical trials, is warranted to validate its therapeutic potential and safety profile in humans.