Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant cancers and its incidence is steadily rising particularly in young patients. While screening measures and the widespread availability of surgical treatment have led to an impressive improvement of prognosis within the overall CRC population, patients with metastatic CRC still face 5-year survival rates of around 10-25%. Despite continuous development of new systemic treatment strategies that include cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy, most patients with metastatic CRC eventually progress. However, a small proportion of patients with mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite unstable CRC responds exceptionally well to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, thereby proving that CRC is in principle amenable to immunotherapy and showing that long-term disease stabilisation can be achieved even in metastasised stages. However, the reasons for the lack of response to immunotherapy in the vast majority of CRC cases remain to be elucidated. Yet, recent evidence suggests that the tumour stroma, which includes non-immune cells in the colorectal tumour microenvironment, mediates immunosuppressive mechanisms that prevent effective immunotherapy. These findings open new avenues for the development of advanced immunotherapies for CRC. In this review, we summarise major developments in the systemic therapy of CRC within the last couple of decades, provide an overview of emerging and soon-to-be implemented therapeutic strategies and present concepts from clinical and preclinical research to manipulate tumour cells and the tumour stroma to sensitise microsatellite stable colorectal tumours to immunotherapy.

Obesity-related alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to cognitive decline, yet their relationship with attention remains poorly understood.

Diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) is the most common manifestation in germline CTNNA1 variant carriers, with one study estimating a 49-57% lifetime risk by age 80. Knowledge on CTNNA1-associated hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), loss-of-function mechanisms, variant-type causality, disease spectrum and cancer risks remains scarce.

Although surgical gastrojejunostomy (SGJ) is the standard method for palliation of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), an endoscopic method-endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE)-has been proposed as a novel, less invasive approach.

Recent advances in high-throughput microbiome profiling have generated expansive data sets that offer unprecedented opportunities to investigate the role of microbes in human health. However, the complexity and high dimensionality of these data present significant analytical challenges that often exceed the capabilities of traditional computational methods. Artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing both classical machine learning and modern deep learning approaches, has emerged as a powerful solution to these challenges. In this review, we systematically explore AI-driven methodologies in microbiome research, including clustering algorithms, dimensionality reduction techniques, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, and emerging large language models. We assess how these approaches enable the extraction of meaningful biological patterns from complex microbial data from a multiscale perspective, facilitating insights into community dynamics, host-microbe interactions and functional genomics. Additionally, we explore the transformative impact of AI on translational applications across both academic research and real-world clinical settings, including disease diagnostics, therapeutic development and precision microbiome engineering. By critically evaluating the current capabilities and limitations of AI in this context, this review aims to chart a path forward for the integration of AI into microbiome research, ultimately accelerating innovations in personalised medicine and deepening our understanding of host-microbiome relationships.

The cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (Cck2r) is expressed in corpus isthmus progenitor, enterochromaffin-like and parietal cells, regulating acid secretion and cell turnover. However, the role of gastrin on Cck2r progenitors during mucosal regeneration remains unexplored.

Current microbiome-based therapeutics face two prominent issues: the limited clinical efficacy of probiotics and the significant variability in the efficacy of microbiota transplantation across different diseases. Although washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) is a new faecal microbiota transplantation, a single therapeutic agent cannot be universally effective for multiple dysbiosis-related diseases.

Cancers of the oesophagus and stomach are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Research is crucial to improving outcomes. However, to maximise value and impact, areas of focus should be prioritised in partnership with patients.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a highly aggressive biliary tract cancer with a poor prognosis and a complex tumour microenvironment (TME) that remains poorly understood.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a life-threatening syndrome involving dysfunction of multiple immune cell types.

Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a downstream molecule of the IFN pathways central to many cellular processes. ISG15 mainly exerts its function through a post-translational modification process known as ISGylation.

Liver transplantation (LT) remains hampered by post-transplant complications. While gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to transplant outcomes, the role of the intrahepatic graft's native microbiota remains unexplored.

SCG101 is an autologous T-cell therapy specifically targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) using a natural, high-affinity T-cell receptor that is stably expressed.