The development of effective treatment strategies for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major achievement. Antiretroviral drugs inhibit key steps in the viral replication cycle and consist of six mechanistic classes: HIV entry inhibitors, reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (both nucleosides and nonnucleosides), capsid inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication, thereby enhancing immune function, decreasing morbidity and mortality, and preventing viral transmission. Consequently, ART is recommended for all persons with HIV infection. On the basis of randomized clinical trials, the Food and Drug Administration has approved 36 antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV infection since 1987; of these, 28 are currently available in the United States, and combination ART regimens are used. Initial preferred ART regimens are potent, convenient, and unlikely to cause side effects and consist of an HIV integrase inhibitor with a high barrier to resistance combined with one or two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. In the majority of patients using current ART regimens, viral replication is durably suppressed below detectable levels. Patients receiving ART are monitored for virologic response over time, and if virologic failure occurs, the next regimen is selected on the basis of treatment history and the results of drug-resistance testing; often, antiretroviral drugs from new classes are administered. Today, the life expectancy of someone with HIV infection who consistently takes ART approaches that of the general population.

Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy is a standard therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant and adjuvant (perioperative) enfortumab vedotin-pembrolizumab as compared with neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in persons with this cancer are unclear.