GIM/FP/GP: [Formula: see text] Cardiology: [Formula: see text].

GIM/FP/GP: [Formula: see text] Cardiology: [Formula: see text] Geriatrics: [Formula: see text].

Whether statins benefit patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with low predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk is uncertain.

Management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been rapidly evolving, now involving many interventions that can be managed in the primary care setting. In April 2025, leadership within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) approved a joint clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the primary care management of CKD. This synopsis reviews the 2025 recommendations related to diagnosis, assessment, and management of CKD.

Once-weekly oral islatravir plus lenacapavir (ISL+LEN) has the potential to address adherence challenges with daily HIV-1 treatment.

Benefits and harms of cannabinoids for chronic pain are uncertain.

Debates about optimal saturated fat advice continue.

Clinical guidelines recommend bisphosphonates for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) despite limited evidence of efficacy.

Diagnostic evaluation of positive screening results for lung cancer is critically important for optimal outcomes. Data on such follow-up are limited.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force expanded lung cancer (LC) screening eligibility in 2021 (USPSTF-2021) by decreasing the minimum number of smoking pack-years from 30 to 20. Underrepresented minorities still experience disparities in screening eligibility.

Foot infections are the most common cause of hospitalization in patients with diabetes. They may be superficial, involving only the skin, or deep, involving the soft tissues or bone. Superficial infections are generally caused by aerobic gram-positive cocci, whereas deep infections, including osteomyelitis, tend to be polymicrobial in origin. Clinical manifestations of skin and soft tissue infections include local evidence of inflammation, but peripheral neuropathy and peripheral artery disease may mask these findings. Management is determined by the extent of infection and often includes oral or parenteral antibiotic therapy in combination with surgical debridement. In 2023, the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot and the Infectious Diseases Society of America updated their guideline on the diagnosis and management of diabetic foot infection. The guideline includes specific recommendations regarding the use of inflammatory markers, tissue and bone culture, and imaging studies in the diagnosis of diabetic foot infection, as well as the indications for surgical debridement and hospitalization. Here, 2 experts in this field, an infectious diseases physician and a podiatrist, debate how to manage the case of a diabetic patient with foot infection. They discuss diagnostic and treatment challenges in the care of this population.

The OperA (Optimising Colorectal Cancer Prevention through Personalized Treatment with Artificial Intelligence) project aims to transform colorectal cancer care through artificial intelligence (AI) innovations. Recognizing that legal and ethical challenges remain key obstacles to clinical integration, this Delphi study sought to identify and prioritize such concerns in the context of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. Fourteen international experts participated in a 2-round Delphi process. In round 1, the steering committee, with feedback from participants, proposed legal and ethical issues pertaining to AI in endoscopy. Round 2 involved iterative rating and refinement of these issues to achieve consensus on their importance. Consensus was reached on 10 key statements spanning 3 thematic domains: data governance, medicolegal implications, and equity and bias. Experts emphasized the need for robust data protection, transparent algorithmic development, and institutional clarity on data ownership. Liability concerns related to AI-assisted diagnosis and automated reporting were highlighted, alongside calls for guidance from legal and professional bodies. Finally, participants underscored the importance of demographic diversity in training data sets and transparent reporting practices to mitigate bias and ensure equitable AI deployment. As AI tools become increasingly integrated into the clinical practice of gastroenterology, addressing legal, ethical, and equity-related challenges is essential. This expert consensus provides a foundation for developing guidelines and regulatory frameworks to support responsible AI adoption in GI endoscopy.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are used for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and overweight or obesity, but their association with cancer is unclear.

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients. Hospital-associated hyponatremia includes community-acquired (e.g., hyponatremia on admission) and hospital-acquired hyponatremia. Acute-onset hyponatremia requires rapid treatment with hypertonic saline to decrease cerebral edema. In cases of chronic hyponatremia (>48 hours), the brain has time to normalize cell volume by losing solutes. However, even mild chronic cases can have adverse outcomes, such as decreased cognition, osteoporosis, increased risk for falls, and fractures. Hyponatremia is associated with increased hospital length of stay, readmissions, morbidity, and mortality. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are therefore necessary to improve outcomes.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) drives high morbidity and mortality, but access to opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is limited in low- and middle-income countries. Integrating OAT into primary care may expand access and improve comorbidity management, although provider discomfort remains a barrier.

Mpox virus (MPXV) clade Ib, first detected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in September 2023, spread internationally within months, prompting an emergency declaration from the World Health Organization. Data on its incubation period, which both shapes outbreak dynamics and informs epidemic response strategies, remain limited.

The last 5 years in the United States have witnessed a flurry of policies attempting to limit access to gender-affirming care (GAC), with state and federal authorities instituting restrictions on care for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescents and attempting to limit funding for treatment costs. Although many have decried these policies as an unprecedented assault on GAC, there is actually a long history of attempts to limit access to GAC in the United States through the creation of restrictive policies directed at patients, clinicians, and payers. Even amid such restrictions, TGD people have demonstrated a remarkable ability to access GAC, often finding new ways to obtain this care. These have included shifts in tactics deployed by advocates of GAC as hostile policymakers attempted to limit the expansion of access. The current landscape of restrictive policies represents the culmination of a longstanding regulatory evolution, integrating various legislative approaches that have been used over almost a century. This article discusses how TGD communities have navigated several iterations of hostile legislative environments to access such care.

The benefit-risk profile of systemic corticosteroids in non-COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains debated.

GIM/FP/GP: [Formula: see text] Geriatrics: [Formula: see text].

Emergency Med: [Formula: see text] GIM/FP/GP: [Formula: see text] Neurology: [Formula: see text].