Neutral atoms are a promising platform for quantum science, enabling advances in areas ranging from quantum simulations1-3 and computation4-10 to metrology, atomic clocks11-13 and quantum networking14-16. Although atom losses typically limit these systems to a pulsed mode, continuous operation17-22 could substantially enhance cycle rates, remove bottlenecks in metrology23 and enable deep-circuit quantum evolution through quantum error correction24,25. Here we demonstrate an experimental architecture for high-rate reloading and continuous operation of a large-scale atom-array system while realizing coherent storage and manipulation of quantum information. Our approach utilizes a series of two optical lattice conveyor belts to transport atom reservoirs into the science region, where atoms are repeatedly extracted into optical tweezers without affecting the coherence of qubits stored nearby. Using a reloading rate of 300,000 atoms in tweezers per second, we create over 30,000 initialized qubits per second, which we leverage to assemble and maintain an array of over 3,000 atoms for more than 2 hours. Furthermore, we demonstrate persistent refilling of the array with atomic qubits in either a spin-polarized or a coherent superposition state while preserving the quantum state of stored qubits. Our results pave the way for the realization of large-scale continuously operated atomic clocks, sensors and fault-tolerant quantum computers.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating disorder whose causes and consequences remain insufficiently understood. Genetic variants can be used to study causal relationships with other traits. Here we reviewed 201 MDD-associated traits and performed genetic correlation analyses for 115 traits, two-sample Mendelian randomization for 89 of them, and one-sample Mendelian randomization for an additional 43 outcomes, applying sensitivity tests and power analyses. We show that MDD liability increases risk for poorer circadian, cognitive, diet, medical disease, endocrine, functional, inflammatory, metabolic, mortality, physical activity, reproduction, risk behavior, social, socioeconomic and suicide outcomes. Most associations were bidirectional, although with weaker evidence for diet, disease and endocrine traits causing MDD risk. These findings provide a systematic overview of traits putatively causally linked to MDD-confirming known links and identifying new ones-and underscore MDD as a cross-cutting risk factor across medical, functional and psychosocial domains.