A region on the short arm of the X-chromosome, Xp11, has previously been linked to childhood-onset polyarthritis. Mapping to the linked region is FOXP3, a transcription factor that regulates regulatory T cell (T(reg)) development and function. The objective of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FOXP3 gene region contribute to JIA susceptibility.

To identify characteristics of randomized controlled trial participants which predict greater benefits from physical treatments for low back pain. If successful, this would allow more appropriate selection of patients for different treatments.

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who previously discontinued tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists for any reason in clinical practice.

The Government Department of Health (England) has set a target that by 2008 patients on pathways that do or may involve medical or surgical consultant-led care should wait no longer than 18 weeks from referral to start of definitive treatment. Department of Health guidance must be interpreted and applied to patients with rheumatological problems.

To evaluate the quality of life and economic impact of switching therapy from infliximab to adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Inhibitors of cyclooxygenases (COXs) are the most widely used drugs. They reduce discomfort and fever, inhibit peri-operative and inflammatory pain. These effects are largely mediated by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2)-enzymes found throughout the body producing prostaglandins, which are important mediators of pain and fever, but also adaptive and protective reactions in many organs. A first step to reduce the overall toxicity and to increase the anti-inflammatory activity of these drugs was achieved with the development of acidic 'non-selective' (traditional) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs). These agents distribute unequally throughout the body, reaching effective concentrations in inflamed tissue (effect compartment) for prolonged time periods. They can also reach effective concentrations in the bloodstream, kidney and gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, where they can cause unwanted effects, such as GI toxicity, kidney dysfunction and cardiovascular impairment. All these effects are particularly prominent with compounds which are eliminated slowly [half-life (T((1/2))) >12 h] and thus also block prostaglandin production permanently outside the effect compartment. A second step towards improving safety was achieved with selective COX-2 inhibitors. These agents reduce the incidence of GI toxicity, pseudo-asthmatic reactions and blood loss following surgical interventions. However, they may be more toxic to the cardiovascular and renal systems than some tNSAIDs, possibly because they distribute homogeneously throughout the body and inhibit COX-2 in the endothelial layer of the vessels and the kidney permanently due to their slow elimination. Another step towards improvement in safety appears possible by combining both enzyme specificity and tissue selectivity, to achieve a further reduction of unwanted drug effects while maintaining the anti-inflammatory/analgesic efficacy.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that can affect any system of the body. Involvement of the kidneys, lupus nephritis (LN), affects up to 50% of SLE patients during the course of their disease, and is characterized by periods of active disease (flares) and remission. For more severe nephritis, an induction course of immunosuppressive therapy is recommended. Options include intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVC) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), followed by a maintenance course, typically of azathioprine. The objective of this study is to determine which therapy results in better quality of life (QoL) for patients and which represents best value for money for finite health service resources.

Musculoskeletal pain is reported more commonly by South Asians in the UK than by white Europeans. This may result from a variety of factors, including cultural differences, and thus we investigated the extent to which differences in the prevalence of pain within the South Asian population could be explained by differences in acculturation (the extent to which immigrants take on the culture of their host population).

The objective of this study was to assess the humanistic impact of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and compare the effect of etanercept 50 mg once-weekly (QW), etanercept 25 mg twice-weekly (BIW) and placebo on patient-reported outcomes (PROs).

A clinico-pathological study in diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients was performed to analyse whether the skin histological organization and the pro-fibrotic signals elicited by TGF-beta in fibroblasts vary according to the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS).

To evaluate the long-term impact on physical function of a single course of rituximab in rheumatoid factor, seropositive patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite ongoing methotrexate treatment.

Key aims of the treatment of lupus nephritis (LN) are to induce and maintain remission with minimal side effects. However, assessing ongoing renal inflammatory activity is poorly served by current diagnostic tests apart from renal biopsy, but frequent biopsies cannot be justified. Our long-term aim is to identify novel biomarkers from urinary protein profiles to improve diagnosis and monitoring of activity and response to therapy in LN.

This study assessed time use patterns among 375 women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesized that (i) as functional limitations increased, time use imbalances would occur (i.e. time needed for obligatory activities would conflict with time needed for productive and free-time activities) and (ii) time use imbalances would be associated with psychological distress.

Serum cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) by initiating and perpetuating various cellular and humoral autoimmune processes. The aim of this study was to describe a broad spectrum of T- and B-cell cytokines, growth factors and chemokines in patients with PsA and healthy individuals.