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41. Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Karina W Davidson.;Michael J Barry.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;Martha Kubik.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年326卷12期1186-1191页
Preeclampsia is one of the most serious health problems that affect pregnant persons. It is a complication in approximately 4% of pregnancies in the US and contributes to both maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia also accounts for 6% of preterm births and 19% of medically indicated preterm births in the US. There are racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of and mortality from preeclampsia. Non-Hispanic Black women are at greater risk for developing preeclampsia than other women and experience higher rates of maternal and infant morbidity and perinatal mortality.
42. Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Karina W Davidson.;Michael J Barry.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;Alex H Krist.;Martha Kubik.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Douglas K Owens.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年326卷8期736-743页
An estimated 13% of all US adults (18 years or older) have diabetes, and 34.5% meet criteria for prediabetes. The prevalences of prediabetes and diabetes are higher in older adults. Estimates of the risk of progression from prediabetes to diabetes vary widely, perhaps because of differences in the definition of prediabetes or the heterogeneity of prediabetes. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure and new cases of blindness among adults in the US. It is also associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and was estimated to be the seventh leading cause of death in the US in 2017. Screening asymptomatic adults for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes may allow earlier detection, diagnosis, and treatment, with the ultimate goal of improving health outcomes.
43. Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Karina W Davidson.;Michael J Barry.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;Martha Kubik.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年326卷6期531-538页
Gestational diabetes is diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the US has been estimated at 5.8% to 9.2%, based on traditional diagnostic criteria, although it may be higher if more inclusive criteria are used. Pregnant persons with gestational diabetes are at increased risk for maternal and fetal complications, including preeclampsia, fetal macrosomia (which can cause shoulder dystocia and birth injury), and neonatal hypoglycemia. Gestational diabetes has also been associated with an increased risk of several long-term health outcomes in pregnant persons and intermediate outcomes in their offspring.
45. Behavioral Counseling Interventions for Healthy Weight and Weight Gain in Pregnancy: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Karina W Davidson.;Michael J Barry.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;Alex H Krist.;Martha Kubik.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa Simon.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年325卷20期2087-2093页
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing among persons of childbearing age and pregnant persons. In 2015, almost half of all persons began pregnancy with overweight (24%) or obesity (24%). Reported rates of overweight and obesity are higher among Black, Alaska Native/American Indian, and Hispanic women and lower among White and Asian women. Excess weight at the beginning of pregnancy and excess gestational weight gain have been associated with adverse maternal and infant health outcomes such as a large for gestational age infant, cesarean delivery, or preterm birth.
46. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Karina W Davidson.;Michael J Barry.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;Alex H Krist.;Martha Kubik.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Douglas K Owens.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年325卷19期1965-1977页
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death for both men and women, with an estimated 52 980 persons in the US projected to die of colorectal cancer in 2021. Colorectal cancer is most frequently diagnosed among persons aged 65 to 74 years. It is estimated that 10.5% of new colorectal cancer cases occur in persons younger than 50 years. Incidence of colorectal cancer (specifically adenocarcinoma) in adults aged 40 to 49 years has increased by almost 15% from 2000-2002 to 2014-2016. In 2016, 26% of eligible adults in the US had never been screened for colorectal cancer and in 2018, 31% were not up to date with screening.
47. Screening for Hypertension in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;Martha Kubik.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年325卷16期1650-1656页
Hypertension is a prevalent condition that affects approximately 45% of the adult US population and is the most commonly diagnosed condition at outpatient office visits. Hypertension is a major contributing risk factor for heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and chronic kidney disease.
48. Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Martha Kubik.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Douglas K Owens.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年325卷14期1436-1442页
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that performs an important role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism and also affects many other cellular regulatory functions outside the skeletal system. Vitamin D requirements may vary by individual; thus, no one serum vitamin D level cutpoint defines deficiency, and no consensus exists regarding the precise serum levels of vitamin D that represent optimal health or sufficiency.
49. Screening for Hearing Loss in Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Martha Kubik.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年325卷12期1196-1201页
Age-related sensorineural hearing loss is a common health problem among adults. Nearly 16% of US adults 18 years or older report difficulty hearing. The prevalence of perceived hearing loss increases with age. Hearing loss can adversely affect an individual's quality of life and ability to function independently and has been associated with increased risk of falls, hospitalizations, social isolation, and cognitive decline.
50. Screening for Lung Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael J Barry.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Esa M Davis.;Katrina E Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;Martha Kubik.;C Seth Landefeld.;Li Li.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Douglas K Owens.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;James Stevermer.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年325卷10期962-970页
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in the US. In 2020, an estimated 228 820 persons were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 135 720 persons died of the disease. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. Increasing age is also a risk factor for lung cancer. Lung cancer has a generally poor prognosis, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 20.5%. However, early-stage lung cancer has a better prognosis and is more amenable to treatment.
51. Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael J Barry.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Katrina Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Martha Kubik.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年325卷5期476-481页
Carotid artery stenosis is atherosclerotic disease that affects extracranial carotid arteries. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis refers to stenosis in persons without a history of ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or other neurologic symptoms referable to the carotid arteries. The prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is low in the general population but increases with age.
52. Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael J Barry.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Katrina Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Martha Kubik.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2021年325卷3期265-279页
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the US. In 2014, it was estimated that 480 000 deaths annually are attributed to cigarette smoking, including second hand smoke exposure. Smoking during pregnancy can increase the risk of numerous adverse pregnancy outcomes (eg, miscarriage and congenital anomalies) and complications in the offspring (including sudden infant death syndrome and impaired lung function in childhood). In 2019, an estimated 50.6 million US adults (20.8% of the adult population) used tobacco; 14.0% of the US adult population currently smoked cigarettes and 4.5% of the adult population used electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Among pregnant US women who gave birth in 2016, 7.2% reported smoking cigarettes while pregnant.
54. Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael J Barry.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Katrina Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Martha Kubik.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Douglas K Owens.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2020年324卷23期2415-2422页
An estimated 862 000 persons in the US are living with chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Persons born in regions with a prevalence of HBV infection of 2% or greater, such as countries in Africa and Asia, the Pacific Islands, and parts of South America, often become infected at birth and account for up to 95% of newly reported chronic infections in the US. Other high-prevalence populations include persons who inject drugs; men who have sex with men; persons with HIV infection; and sex partners, needle-sharing contacts, and household contacts of persons with chronic HBV infection. Up to 60% of HBV-infected persons are unaware of their infection, and many remain asymptomatic until onset of cirrhosis or end-stage liver disease.
55. Managing Asthma in Adolescents and Adults: 2020 Asthma Guideline Update From the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program.
作者: Michelle M Cloutier.;Anne E Dixon.;Jerry A Krishnan.;Robert F Lemanske.;Wilson Pace.;Michael Schatz.
来源: JAMA. 2020年324卷22期2301-2317页
Asthma is a major public health problem worldwide and is associated with excess morbidity, mortality, and economic costs associated with lost productivity. The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program has released the 2020 Asthma Guideline Update with updated evidence-based recommendations for treatment of patients with asthma.
56. Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Promote a Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael J Barry.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Katrina Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Martha Kubik.;Seth Landefeld.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2020年324卷20期2069-2075页
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in the US. Known modifiable risk factors for CVD include smoking, overweight and obesity, diabetes, elevated blood pressure or hypertension, dyslipidemia, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diet. Adults who adhere to national guidelines for a healthy diet and physical activity have lower cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than those who do not. All persons, regardless of their CVD risk status, benefit from healthy eating behaviors and appropriate physical activity.
57. Screening for High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael J Barry.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Katrina Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Martha Kubik.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2020年324卷18期1878-1883页
Prevalence of hypertension (both primary and secondary) in children and adolescents in the US ranges from 3% to 4%. Primary hypertension in children and adolescents occurs primarily in children older than 13 years and has no known cause but is associated with several risk factors, including family history and higher body mass index. Secondary hypertension occurs primarily in younger children and is most commonly caused by genetic disorders, renal disease, endocrine disorders, or cardiovascular abnormalities.
58. Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline.
作者: Amy Y Tsou.;Peter Bulova.;George Capone.;Brian Chicoine.;Bryn Gelaro.;Terry Odell Harville.;Barry A Martin.;Dennis E McGuire.;Kent D McKelvey.;Moya Peterson.;Carl Tyler.;Michael Wells.;Michelle Sie Whitten.; .
来源: JAMA. 2020年324卷15期1543-1556页
Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition, and average life expectancy has increased substantially, from 25 years in 1983 to 60 years in 2020. Despite the unique clinical comorbidities among adults with Down syndrome, there are no clinical guidelines for the care of these patients.
59. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2020 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel.
作者: Michael S Saag.;Rajesh T Gandhi.;Jennifer F Hoy.;Raphael J Landovitz.;Melanie A Thompson.;Paul E Sax.;Davey M Smith.;Constance A Benson.;Susan P Buchbinder.;Carlos Del Rio.;Joseph J Eron.;Gerd Fätkenheuer.;Huldrych F Günthard.;Jean-Michel Molina.;Donna M Jacobsen.;Paul A Volberding.
来源: JAMA. 2020年324卷16期1651-1669页
Data on the use of antiretroviral drugs, including new drugs and formulations, for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection continue to guide optimal practices.
60. Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Alex H Krist.;Karina W Davidson.;Carol M Mangione.;Michael J Barry.;Michael Cabana.;Aaron B Caughey.;Katrina Donahue.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Martha Kubik.;Gbenga Ogedegbe.;Lori Pbert.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.;John B Wong.
来源: JAMA. 2020年324卷7期674-681页
Approximately 20 million new cases of bacterial or viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) occur each year in the US, and about one-half of these cases occur in persons aged 15 to 24 years. Rates of chlamydial, gonococcal, and syphilis infection continue to increase in all regions. Sexually transmitted infections are frequently asymptomatic, which may delay diagnosis and treatment and lead persons to unknowingly transmit STIs to others. Serious consequences of STIs include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, cancer, and AIDS.
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