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481. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening form of respiratory failure that affects approximately 200 000 patients each year in the United States, resulting in nearly 75 000 deaths annually. Globally, ARDS accounts for 10% of intensive care unit admissions, representing more than 3 million patients with ARDS annually.
482. Screening for Ovarian Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;David C Grossman.;Susan J Curry.;Douglas K Owens.;Michael J Barry.;Karina W Davidson.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Alex R Kemper.;Alex H Krist.;Ann E Kurth.;C Seth Landefeld.;Carol M Mangione.;Maureen G Phipps.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.
来源: JAMA. 2018年319卷6期588-594页
With approximately 14 000 deaths per year, ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death among US women and the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer. More than 95% of ovarian cancer deaths occur among women 45 years and older.
483. Screening for Ovarian Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
Ovarian cancer is relatively rare but the fifth-leading cause of cancer mortality among United States women.
485. Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: John Dunn.;Nora B Henrikson.;Caitlin C Morrison.;Paula R Blasi.;Matt Nguyen.;Jennifer S Lin.
来源: JAMA. 2018年319卷2期173-187页
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a spinal curvature of 10° or more, is the most common form of scoliosis, with a prevalence of 1% to 3%. Curves progress in approximately two-thirds of patients with AIS before skeletal maturity, and large curves (>50°) may be associated with adverse health outcomes.
486. Enhancing Recovery From Sepsis: A Review.
Survival from sepsis has improved in recent years, resulting in an increasing number of patients who have survived sepsis treatment. Current sepsis guidelines do not provide guidance on posthospital care or recovery.
487. Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
The increased social and economic burdens for osteoporosis-related fractures worldwide make the prevention of such injuries a major public health goal. Previous studies have reached mixed conclusions regarding the association between calcium, vitamin D, or combined calcium and vitamin D supplements and fracture incidence in older adults.
488. Guidelines for the Content of Statistical Analysis Plans in Clinical Trials.
作者: Carrol Gamble.;Ashma Krishan.;Deborah Stocken.;Steff Lewis.;Edmund Juszczak.;Caroline Doré.;Paula R Williamson.;Douglas G Altman.;Alan Montgomery.;Pilar Lim.;Jesse Berlin.;Stephen Senn.;Simon Day.;Yolanda Barbachano.;Elizabeth Loder.
来源: JAMA. 2017年318卷23期2337-2343页
While guidance on statistical principles for clinical trials exists, there is an absence of guidance covering the required content of statistical analysis plans (SAPs) to support transparency and reproducibility.
489. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;David C Grossman.;Susan J Curry.;Douglas K Owens.;Michael J Barry.;Karina W Davidson.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Alex R Kemper.;Alex H Krist.;Ann E Kurth.;C Seth Landefeld.;Carol M Mangione.;Maureen G Phipps.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.
来源: JAMA. 2017年318卷22期2224-2233页
Menopause occurs at a median age of 51.3 years, and the average US woman who reaches menopause is expected to live another 30 years. The prevalence and incidence of most chronic conditions, such as coronary heart disease, dementia, stroke, fractures, and breast cancer, increase with age; however, the excess risk for these conditions that can be attributed to menopause alone is uncertain. Since the publication of findings from the Women's Health Initiative that hormone therapy use is associated with serious adverse health effects in postmenopausal women, use of menopausal hormone therapy has declined.
490. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: Gerald Gartlehner.;Sheila V Patel.;Cynthia Feltner.;Rachel Palmieri Weber.;Rachel Long.;Kelly Mullican.;Erin Boland.;Linda Lux.;Meera Viswanathan.
来源: JAMA. 2017年318卷22期2234-2249页
Postmenopausal status coincides with increased risks for chronic conditions such as heart disease, osteoporosis, cognitive impairment, or some types of cancers. Previously, hormone therapy was used for the primary prevention of these chronic conditions.
491. Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is relatively common, with the prevalence of 0.05% to 4.10%, yet many patients receive inadequate treatment.
493. Does This Patient Have Acute Mountain Sickness?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review.
作者: David Meier.;Tinh-Hai Collet.;Isabella Locatelli.;Jacques Cornuz.;Bengt Kayser.;David L Simel.;Claudio Sartori.
来源: JAMA. 2017年318卷18期1810-1819页
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) affects more than 25% of individuals ascending to 3500 m (11 500 ft) and more than 50% of those above 6000 m (19 700 ft). AMS may progress from nonspecific symptoms to life-threatening high-altitude cerebral edema in less than 1% of patients. It is not clear how to best diagnose AMS.
494. Association of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Concentration With Cardiac Outcomes in Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome.
作者: Andrew R Chapman.;Kuan Ken Lee.;David A McAllister.;Louise Cullen.;Jaimi H Greenslade.;William Parsonage.;Andrew Worster.;Peter A Kavsak.;Stefan Blankenberg.;Johannes Neumann.;Nils A Sörensen.;Dirk Westermann.;Madelon M Buijs.;Gerard J E Verdel.;John W Pickering.;Martin P Than.;Raphael Twerenbold.;Patrick Badertscher.;Zaid Sabti.;Christian Mueller.;Atul Anand.;Philip Adamson.;Fiona E Strachan.;Amy Ferry.;Dennis Sandeman.;Alasdair Gray.;Richard Body.;Brian Keevil.;Edward Carlton.;Kim Greaves.;Frederick K Korley.;Thomas S Metkus.;Yader Sandoval.;Fred S Apple.;David E Newby.;Anoop S V Shah.;Nicholas L Mills.
来源: JAMA. 2017年318卷19期1913-1924页
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I testing is widely used to evaluate patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. A cardiac troponin concentration of less than 5 ng/L identifies patients at presentation as low risk, but the optimal threshold is uncertain.
495. Comparisons of Interventions for Preventing Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
作者: Andrea C Tricco.;Sonia M Thomas.;Areti Angeliki Veroniki.;Jemila S Hamid.;Elise Cogo.;Lisa Strifler.;Paul A Khan.;Reid Robson.;Kathryn M Sibley.;Heather MacDonald.;John J Riva.;Kednapa Thavorn.;Charlotte Wilson.;Jayna Holroyd-Leduc.;Gillian D Kerr.;Fabio Feldman.;Sumit R Majumdar.;Susan B Jaglal.;Wing Hui.;Sharon E Straus.
来源: JAMA. 2017年318卷17期1687-1699页
Falls result in substantial burden for patients and health care systems, and given the aging of the population worldwide, the incidence of falls continues to rise.
496. Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Review.
作者: Emily S Lukacz.;Yahir Santiago-Lastra.;Michael E Albo.;Linda Brubaker.
来源: JAMA. 2017年318卷16期1592-1604页
Urinary incontinence, the involuntary loss of urine, is a common health condition that may decrease quality of life. Ten to twenty percent of women and up to 77% of women residing in nursing homes have urinary incontinence, yet only 25% seek or receive treatment.
497. Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.
Delirium is defined as an acute disorder of attention and cognition. It is a common, serious, and often fatal condition among older patients. Although often underrecognized, delirium has serious adverse effects on the individual's function and quality of life, as well as broad societal effects with substantial health care costs.
500. Vision Screening in Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;David C Grossman.;Susan J Curry.;Douglas K Owens.;Michael J Barry.;Karina W Davidson.;Chyke A Doubeni.;John W Epling.;Alex R Kemper.;Alex H Krist.;Ann E Kurth.;C Seth Landefeld.;Carol M Mangione.;Maureen G Phipps.;Michael Silverstein.;Melissa A Simon.;Chien-Wen Tseng.
来源: JAMA. 2017年318卷9期836-844页
One of the most important causes of vision abnormalities in children is amblyopia (also known as "lazy eye"). Amblyopia is an alteration in the visual neural pathway in a child's developing brain that can lead to permanent vision loss in the affected eye. Among children younger than 6 years, 1% to 6% have amblyopia or its risk factors (strabismus, anisometropia, or both). Early identification of vision abnormalities could prevent the development of amblyopia.
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