Large B-cell lymphoma of immune-privileged sites (LBCL-IP) is a rare subtype characterized by immune evasion properties. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) are examples of LBCL-IP associated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Few studies have investigated the use of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with relapsed PCNSL and PTL.

There is a gap in knowledge about the efficacy of exercise in managing cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) during and after chemotherapy.

Cancer-treatment induced cardiovascular diseases are a concern in early breast cancer, especially when radiation is involved and systemic treatments may contribute. Our primary objective was to estimate the frequency of cardiac adverse events after early breast cancer treatment. We performed a systematic review on cardiac events after early breast cancer treatment, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, by searching PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science and cross-checking references from international guidelines on breast cancer treatment and cardio-oncology. Eighty-one studies were selected. Reporting of cardiac events and dose parameters was heterogeneous among studies due to the variability of the events being considered, follow-up duration and patient's age (most reported less than 5% with some as high as 34% at a maximum follow-up of 28 years). The most frequent are ischemic and valvular heart disease. Radiation modalities (hypofractionation, boost, partial or nodal irradiation) do not seem to change the risk of cardiac events. Anthracycline and aromatase inhibitors increase long-term cardiac risk, whereas anti-HER2-related effects are mostly transient. Myocardites with immunotherapy are rare (<1%) but follow-up is short. Other chemotherapy agents and poly(adenosine-diphosphate-ribose)-polymerase inhibitors have not been shown to increase cardiac risks which is reduced with more recent treatments, and increased by young age at diagnosis and previous cardiac risk factors. Advances in treatment seem to lower cardiac events. Prospective studies with exhaustive reporting of toxicity and radiotherapy features are warranted as well as the help of a cardio-oncologist to manage risk factors.

Cardiac rhabdomyoma (CR) is the principal cardiac tumor diagnosed in pediatric age and is commonly associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. In some patients, these masses can cause heart failure and difficult-to-control arrhythmias. There are multiple case reports on use of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, everolimus or sirolimus, in treatment of CRs. We reviewed the current data regarding effectiveness of everolimus and sirolimus in treating of CRs in newborns with hemodynamic repercussions.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by clonal expansion of myeloid precursors, often accompanied by poor prognostic outcomes in older populations due to molecular heterogeneity and resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Glasdegib, a potent inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, has emerged as a targeted agent that enhances chemosensitivity and demonstrates favorable pharmacodynamic profiles in combination regimens. This systematic review evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of Glasdegib-based therapies in the management of AML.

Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs) represent a prevalent manifestation of adverse reactions linked to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy, substantially affecting patients' quality of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the pooled incidence of cirAEs in this population and strengthen clinical awareness for early recognition and management.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, posing significant challenges due to its heterogeneity and the emergence of drug resistance. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis sativa, has recently gained attention for its potential therapeutic effects in breast cancer.

Cardiovascular disease and cancer represent significant global health challenges. An overlap between oncology and cardiology is compounded by cancer therapies, which are known to have cardiotoxic effects. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), initially developed for treating diabetes, have shown promising cardiovascular benefits in non-cancer populations, particularly in preventing heart failure (HF) and reducing HF-related hospitalization and mortality in large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction. However, their potential cardioprotective role in cancer patients remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated cardiovascular outcomes in cancer patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing chemotherapy with concomitant use of SGLT2i compared with those not using SGLT2i. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore patients without baseline HF and patients treated exclusively with anthracyclines.

1-2 % of metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRC) harbor an activating KRAS-G12C mutation. This study aims to pool the results of available clinical trials of KRAS-G12C inhibitors, comparing monotherapy and combinations.

Costunolide (Cos) and dehydrocostus lactone (DhC) are naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactones with potent anticancer properties. Despite their promising bioactivity, limitations such as poor solubility, metabolic instability, and off-target toxicity restrict their clinical application. To overcome these challenges, synthetic derivatives have been developed to enhance cytotoxicity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetics.

Background: Among rheumatologic diseases following therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the cases of cancer patients diagnosed as having polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), particularly with nivolumab and pembrolizumab, has been steadily rising in published reports. Objectives: We performed a systematic review of published case reports with the aim of answering these questions: (1) Is PMR following therapy with nivolumab and pembrolizumab an adverse drug reaction (ADR)? (2) Is there a difference between cases of PMR following therapy with nivolumab and those following therapy with pembrolizumab? Methods: Based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search in three main bibliographic databases: MEDLINE (Ovid interface), EMBASE, and COCHRANE Library was carried out on 27 December 2024. This systematic review has no registration number. Results: Data were extracted from 12 patients. Namely, 5 cases followed treatment with nivolumab and 7 with pembrolizumab. Validated scales for ADR assessment-such as Naranjo's scale-were not used in 10 out of the 12 patients. Additionally, validated diagnostic or classification criteria for PMR were used in the majority of case reports related to nivolumab. On the contrary, clinical judgment alone was the rule in almost all case reports on pembrolizumab. Finally, the time interval between PMR manifestations and nivolumab/pembrolizumab therapy ranged from one to 14 cycles (fully compatible with pharmacokinetics). Conclusions: Our literature review highlighted significant methodological blurred lines in the categorization of PMR following therapy with nivolumab or pembrolizumab.

Intravenous (IV) chemotherapy and immunotherapy are administered at frequent, regular intervals (weekly to four-weekly) for 4 to 24 months, with treatment sessions lasting between 20 minutes and several hours for adults with cancer. These treatments are usually given in chemotherapy day units in hospitals as same-day treatments. However, less complex anti-cancer therapy regimens may be administered in the participant's home.

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is a rare and aggressive subtype of soft tissue sarcoma, characterized by limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Despite surgical resection being the only potentially curative treatment for localized DDLPS, the recurrence rate remains high, and systemic chemotherapy, typically anthracycline-based, shows limited efficacy in advanced stages. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promise in various sarcoma subtypes, including DDLPS, their role as a first-line treatment remains unclear.

Recent clinical trials demonstrated that as adjuvant therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) following intravenous cytotoxic chemotherapy may have a nonsignificant advantage over intravenous cytotoxic chemotherapy only in completely resected stage IB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Meanwhile, several studies reported that oral tegafur-uracil may have a comparable benefit to intravenous chemotherapy in long-term survival outcomes in these patients. However, there is currently a lack of head-to-head comparison between ICIs following intravenous cytotoxic chemotherapy and tegafur-uracil. Therefore, we designed a network meta-analysis in assessing overall survival (OS) and a composite endpoint of disease free survival (DFS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) as measures of effect. Our results indicated that, limited to stage IB, calculated hazard ratio (HR) was 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.53-1.96) for OS and calculated HR was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.43-1.87) for DFS, while in stage IB to IIIA patients, calculated HR was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.70-1.37) for OS and calculated HR was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.59-0.95) for DFS. In conclusion, tegafur-uracil may offer a comparable benefit to ICIs following chemotherapy in limitation to stage IB NSCLC patients only. Future clinical trials may be designed for stage IB NSCLC, separately from stage II and III.

Ageing increases the risk of treatment-related toxicities (TRT) in patients with cancer. This systematic review provided an overview of existing prediction models for TRT in this population and evaluated their predictive performances.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a serious complication of anticancer therapy that can substantially affect patient quality of life and treatment outcomes. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of OM in patients diagnosed with cancer undergoing anticancer therapy. A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang databases for relevant studies, published up to September 24, 2024, was performed. Risk ratio (RR) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CIs) were calculated using Review Manager version 5.3. Five studies, including 337 patients, were included in this meta-analysis. Results of analysis revealed that, although omega-3 fatty acids did not significantly reduce the overall incidence of OM (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.25-1.01), it significantly reduced the incidence of severe OM (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.17-0.56), with no heterogeneity was observed (p = 0.96; I2= 0%). Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids were found to significantly alleviate OM-associated pain (SMD -1.61, 95% CI -2.79 to -0.43), with no heterogeneity was detected (p = 0.32; I2 = 0%). Omega-3 fatty acids effectively reduced the incidence of severe OM and alleviated OM-related pain in patients undergoing anticancer therapy.

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients with BRCA1/2 mutations show significant responses to poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), while the efficacy of these agents in patients with homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene alterations other than BRCA remains unclear.

Methotrexate (MTX) is largely prescribed for cancers, particularly hematological malignancies. To reduce its toxicity, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is highly recommended. This review aimed to assess knowledge on methotrexate monitoring and compare strategies for managing its toxicities. We searched several databases for articles that met the selection criteria. All articles were screened and data on analytical methods, results, and toxicities were extracted. Thirty articles were included in this review, consisting mainly of single-center studies. MTX monitoring studies have been conducted in various countries. Patient demographics covered children and adults, with one study focusing on elderly patients. MTX doses varied primarily between high-dose regimens. Sample collection times were varied. Various techniques were used to quantify MTX levels. This review highlights the diversity of study designs, patient populations, dosing regimens, and analytical techniques, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols and further research to optimize MTX treatment, ensuring both efficacy and safety.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), with or without anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, in the treatment of advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Limited treatment options exist for patients with locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancers (BTCs). Recently, several clinical trials provided preliminary evidence for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as a new target for patients with HER2-expressing BTC. We conducted a systematic review and pooled analysis of the safety and efficacy of anti-HER2 agents in patients with advanced BTCs.