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21. Dialysis for Chronic Kidney Failure: A Review.
More than 3.5 million people worldwide and 540 000 individuals in the US receive maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of chronic kidney failure. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 40% after initiation of maintenance dialysis.
22. Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Review.
Chronic spontaneous urticaria affects approximately 1% of the general population worldwide, including approximately 3 million people in the US, impairs patients' quality of life, and is associated with multiple comorbidities.
23. Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Review.
作者: Valerie M Vaughn.;Robert P Dickson.;Jennifer K Horowitz.;Scott A Flanders.
来源: JAMA. 2024年332卷15期1282-1295页
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) results in approximately 1.4 million emergency department visits, 740 000 hospitalizations, and 41 000 deaths in the US annually.
24. Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Treatment of Pericarditis: A Review.
Pericarditis accounts for up to 5% of emergency department visits for nonischemic chest pain in North America and Western Europe. With appropriate treatment, 70% to 85% of these patients have a benign course. In acute pericarditis, the development of constrictive pericarditis (<0.5%) and pericardial tamponade (<3%) can be life-threatening.
25. Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy, with an estimated 434 840 incident cases worldwide in 2022. In the US, it is the sixth most common cancer among males and ninth among females.
26. Screening and Supplementation for Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: Amy G Cantor.;Rebecca Holmes.;Christina Bougatsos.;Chandler Atchison.;Thomas DeLoughery.;Roger Chou.
来源: JAMA. 2024年332卷11期914-928页
In 2015 the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits and harms of routine screening and supplementation for iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy.
27. Perioperative Management of Patients Taking Direct Oral Anticoagulants: A Review.
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), comprising apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, and dabigatran, are commonly used medications to treat patients with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. Decisions about how to manage DOACs in patients undergoing a surgical or nonsurgical procedure are important to decrease the risks of bleeding and thromboembolism.
28. Obesity in Adolescents: A Review.
作者: Aaron S Kelly.;Sarah C Armstrong.;Marc P Michalsky.;Claudia K Fox.
来源: JAMA. 2024年332卷9期738-748页
Obesity affects approximately 21% of US adolescents and is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep disorders, depression, and musculoskeletal problems. Obesity during adolescence has also been associated with an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in adulthood.
29. Medications for Obesity: A Review.
Obesity affects approximately 19% of women and 14% of men worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity. Antiobesity medications (AOMs) modify biological processes that affect appetite and significantly improve outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
30. Interventions for Weight Management in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: Elizabeth A O'Connor.;Corinne V Evans.;Michelle Henninger.;Nadia Redmond.;Caitlyn A Senger.
来源: JAMA. 2024年332卷3期233-248页
Body mass index (BMI) of the 95th or greater percentile for age and sex is common among young people, and its prevalence has increased in recent decades.
31. Low-Dose Corticosteroids for Critically Ill Adults With Severe Pulmonary Infections: A Review.
Severe pulmonary infections, including COVID-19, community-acquired pneumonia, influenza, and Pneumocystis pneumonia, are a leading cause of death among adults worldwide. Pulmonary infections in critically ill patients may cause septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or both, which are associated with mortality rates ranging between 30% and 50%.
32. Prolonged vs Intermittent Infusions of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Adults With Sepsis or Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
作者: Mohd H Abdul-Aziz.;Naomi E Hammond.;Stephen J Brett.;Menino O Cotta.;Jan J De Waele.;Anthony Devaux.;Gian Luca Di Tanna.;Joel M Dulhunty.;Hatem Elkady.;Lars Eriksson.;M Shahnaz Hasan.;Ayesha Bibi Khan.;Jeffrey Lipman.;Xiaoqiu Liu.;Giacomo Monti.;John Myburgh.;Emmanuel Novy.;Shahed Omar.;Dorrilyn Rajbhandari.;Claire Roger.;Fredrik Sjövall.;Irene Zaghi.;Alberto Zangrillo.;Anthony Delaney.;Jason A Roberts.
来源: JAMA. 2024年332卷8期638-648页
There is uncertainty about whether prolonged infusions of β-lactam antibiotics improve clinically important outcomes in critically ill adults with sepsis or septic shock.
33. Management of Depression in Adults: A Review.
Approximately 9% of US adults experience major depression each year, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 17% for men and 30% for women.
34. Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: Janelle M Guirguis-Blake.;Leslie A Perdue.;Erin L Coppola.;Sarah I Bean.
来源: JAMA. 2024年332卷1期58-69页
Falls are the most common cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality in older adults.
35. Interventions to Prevent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Wanda K Nicholson.;Michael Silverstein.;John B Wong.;Michael J Barry.;David Chelmow.;Tumaini Rucker Coker.;Esa M Davis.;Carlos Roberto Jaén.;Marie Krousel-Wood.;Sei Lee.;Li Li.;Goutham Rao.;John M Ruiz.;James Stevermer.;Joel Tsevat.;Sandra Millon Underwood.;Sarah Wiehe.
来源: JAMA. 2024年332卷1期51-57页
Falls are the leading cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality among older adults in the US. In 2018, 27.5% of community-dwelling adults 65 years or older reported at least 1 fall in the past year and 10.2% reported a fall-related injury. In 2021, an estimated 38 742 deaths resulted from fall-related injuries.
36. Revisiting Race and the Benefit of RAS Blockade in Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.
作者: Li Shen.;Matthew M Y Lee.;Pardeep S Jhund.;Christopher B Granger.;Inder S Anand.;Aldo P Maggioni.;Marc A Pfeffer.;Scott D Solomon.;Karl Swedberg.;Salim Yusuf.;John J V McMurray.
来源: JAMA. 2024年331卷24期2094-2104页
Concerns have arisen that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers are less effective in Black patients than non-Black patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
37. Chronic Pruritus: A Review.
作者: Daniel C Butler.;Timothy Berger.;Sarina Elmariah.;Brian Kim.;Sarah Chisolm.;Shawn G Kwatra.;Nicholas Mollanazar.;Gil Yosipovitch.
来源: JAMA. 2024年331卷24期2114-2124页
Chronic pruritus, defined as itch experienced for 6 weeks or longer, affects approximately 22% of people in their lifetime. Approximately 1% of physician visits are for the chief concern of chronic pruritus. Chronic pruritus is associated with adverse outcomes, including impaired sleep and reduced quality of life.
38. Survival Benefit Associated With Participation in Clinical Trials of Anticancer Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
作者: Renata Iskander.;Hannah Moyer.;Karine Vigneault.;Salaheddin M Mahmud.;Jonathan Kimmelman.
来源: JAMA. 2024年331卷24期2105-2113页
Many cancer clinical investigators view clinical trials as offering better care for patients than routine clinical care. However, definitive evidence of clinical benefit from trial participation (hereafter referred to as the participation effect) has yet to emerge.
39. The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice: A Review.
作者: JoAnn E Manson.;Carolyn J Crandall.;Jacques E Rossouw.;Rowan T Chlebowski.;Garnet L Anderson.;Marcia L Stefanick.;Aaron K Aragaki.;Jane A Cauley.;Gretchen L Wells.;Andrea Z LaCroix.;Cynthia A Thomson.;Marian L Neuhouser.;Linda Van Horn.;Charles Kooperberg.;Barbara V Howard.;Lesley F Tinker.;Jean Wactawski-Wende.;Sally A Shumaker.;Ross L Prentice.
来源: JAMA. 2024年331卷20期1748-1760页
Approximately 55 million people in the US and approximately 1.1 billion people worldwide are postmenopausal women. To inform clinical practice about the health effects of menopausal hormone therapy, calcium plus vitamin D supplementation, and a low-fat dietary pattern, the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) enrolled 161 808 postmenopausal US women (N = 68 132 in the clinical trials) aged 50 to 79 years at baseline from 1993 to 1998, and followed them up for up to 20 years.
40. Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
作者: .;Wanda K Nicholson.;Michael Silverstein.;John B Wong.;Michael J Barry.;David Chelmow.;Tumaini Rucker Coker.;Esa M Davis.;Carlos Roberto Jaén.;Marie Krousel-Wood.;Sei Lee.;Li Li.;Carol M Mangione.;Goutham Rao.;John M Ruiz.;James J Stevermer.;Joel Tsevat.;Sandra Millon Underwood.;Sarah Wiehe.
来源: JAMA. 2024年331卷22期1918-1930页
Among all US women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death. In 2023, an estimated 43 170 women died of breast cancer. Non-Hispanic White women have the highest incidence of breast cancer and non-Hispanic Black women have the highest mortality rate.
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