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281. Did This Patient Have Cardiac Syncope?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review.
作者: Omar T Albassam.;Robert J Redelmeier.;Steven Shadowitz.;Aatif M Husain.;David Simel.;Edward E Etchells.
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷24期2448-2457页
Syncope can result from a reduction in cardiac output from serious cardiac conditions, such as arrhythmias or structural heart disease (cardiac syncope), or other causes, such as vasovagal syncope or orthostatic hypotension.
282. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: Roger Chou.;Christopher Evans.;Adam Hoverman.;Christina Sun.;Tracy Dana.;Christina Bougatsos.;Sara Grusing.;P Todd Korthuis.
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷22期2214-2230页
Effective prevention strategies for HIV infection are an important public health priority. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) involves use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) daily or before and after sex to decrease risk of acquiring HIV infection.
283. Screening for HIV Infection in Asymptomatic, Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
Untreated HIV infection can result in significant morbidity, mortality, and HIV transmission. A 2012 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found antiretroviral therapy (ART) associated with improved clinical outcomes and decreased transmission risk in persons with CD4 cell counts less than 500/mm3.
284. Screening for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: Shelley S Selph.;Christina Bougatsos.;Tracy Dana.;Sara Grusing.;Roger Chou.
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷23期2349-2360页
Prenatal screening for HIV can inform use of interventions to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) previously found strong evidence that prenatal HIV screening reduced risk of mother-to-child transmission. The previous evidence review was conducted in 2012.
286. Management of Preexisting Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Review.
The presence of preexisting type 1 or type 2 diabetes in pregnancy increases the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, macrosomia, and congenital defects. Approximately 0.9% of the 4 million births in the United States annually are complicated by preexisting diabetes.
289. Metformin in 2019.
Metformin is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for type 2 diabetes and the most commonly prescribed drug for this condition worldwide, either alone or in combination with insulin or other glucose-lowering therapies. Metformin is a biguanide, a drug class of herbal origin that has been widely used to treat diabetes since the 1950s., Two other biguanides were withdrawn from clinical use because they caused lactic acidosis. Metformin was also taken off the US market due to concerns over lactic acidosis, but it subsequently has been proven safe and effective in lowering glucose levels and was reintroduced in 1995. Optimal metformin use requires clear understanding of its effects, dosing, safety, and alternatives.
290. Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: Amy G Cantor.;Rob Hendrickson.;Ian Blazina.;Jessica Griffin.;Sara Grusing.;Marian S McDonagh.
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷15期1510-1526页
Elevated blood lead level is associated with serious, often irreversible, health consequences.
292. Cerebral Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage: A Review.
Although spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) accounts for less than 20% of cases of stroke, it continues to be associated with the highest mortality of all forms of stroke and substantial morbidity rates.
294. In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review.
作者: Lars W Andersen.;Mathias J Holmberg.;Katherine M Berg.;Michael W Donnino.;Asger Granfeldt.
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷12期1200-1210页
In-hospital cardiac arrest is common and associated with a high mortality rate. Despite this, in-hospital cardiac arrest has received little attention compared with other high-risk cardiovascular conditions, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
295. Levels of Evidence Supporting American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, 2008-2018.
作者: Alexander C Fanaroff.;Robert M Califf.;Stephan Windecker.;Sidney C Smith.;Renato D Lopes.
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷11期1069-1080页
Clinical decisions are ideally based on evidence generated from multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating clinical outcomes, but historically, few clinical guideline recommendations have been based entirely on this type of evidence.
296. Patient Blood Management: Recommendations From the 2018 Frankfurt Consensus Conference.
作者: Markus M Mueller.;Hans Van Remoortel.;Patrick Meybohm.;Kari Aranko.;Cécile Aubron.;Reinhard Burger.;Jeffrey L Carson.;Klaus Cichutek.;Emmy De Buck.;Dana Devine.;Dean Fergusson.;Gilles Folléa.;Craig French.;Kathrine P Frey.;Richard Gammon.;Jerrold H Levy.;Michael F Murphy.;Yves Ozier.;Katerina Pavenski.;Cynthia So-Osman.;Pierre Tiberghien.;Jimmy Volmink.;Jonathan H Waters.;Erica M Wood.;Erhard Seifried.; .
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷10期983-997页
Blood transfusion is one of the most frequently used therapies worldwide and is associated with benefits, risks, and costs.
297. Diagnosis and Outpatient Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review.
There are 30 million adults (12%) in the United States who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease accounts for 3.2% of all physician office visits annually and is the fourth leading cause of death (126 000 deaths per year). Most patients are diagnosed by their primary care clinicians who must address the highly variable clinical features and responses to therapy. The diagnosis and treatment of COPD is rapidly changing, so understanding recent advances is important for the delivery of optimal patient care.
298. Interventions to Prevent Perinatal Depression: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
作者: Elizabeth O'Connor.;Caitlyn A Senger.;Michelle L Henninger.;Erin Coppola.;Bradley N Gaynes.
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷6期588-601页
Depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period is relatively common and can have adverse effects on both mother and child.
299. Will This Patient Be Difficult to Intubate?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review.
作者: Michael E Detsky.;Naheed Jivraj.;Neill K Adhikari.;Jan O Friedrich.;Ruxandra Pinto.;David L Simel.;Duminda N Wijeysundera.;Damon C Scales.
来源: JAMA. 2019年321卷5期493-503页
Recognizing patients in whom endotracheal intubation is likely to be difficult can help alert physicians to the need for assistance from a clinician with airway training and having advanced airway management equipment available.
300. Ocular Prophylaxis for Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
This systematic review to support the 2019 US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement on ocular prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum summarizes published evidence on the benefits and harms of ocular topical medication to prevent gonococcal conjunctival infection in newborns.
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