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281. Comparison of mortality between private for-profit and private not-for-profit hemodialysis centers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
作者: P J Devereaux.;Holger J Schünemann.;Nikila Ravindran.;Mohit Bhandari.;Amit X Garg.;Peter T-L Choi.;Brydon J B Grant.;Ted Haines.;Christina Lacchetti.;Bruce Weaver.;John N Lavis.;Deborah J Cook.;David R S Haslam.;Terrence Sullivan.;Gordon H Guyatt.
来源: JAMA. 2002年288卷19期2449-57页
Private for-profit and private not-for-profit dialysis facilities provide the majority of hemodialysis care in the United States. There has been extensive debate about whether the profit status of these facilities influences patient mortality.
282. Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta-analysis.
作者: Carl van Walraven.;Robert G Hart.;Daniel E Singer.;Andreas Laupacis.;Stuart Connolly.;Palle Petersen.;Peter J Koudstaal.;Yuchiao Chang.;Beppie Hellemons.
来源: JAMA. 2002年288卷19期2441-8页
Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) have an increased risk of stroke and other vascular events.
283. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis.
It has been suggested that total blood homocysteine concentrations are associated with the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke.
284. MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis.
作者: Mariska Klerk.;Petra Verhoef.;Robert Clarke.;Henk J Blom.;Frans J Kok.;Evert G Schouten.; .
来源: JAMA. 2002年288卷16期2023-31页
In observational studies, individuals with elevated levels of plasma homocysteine tend to have moderately increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism is a genetic alteration in an enzyme involved in folate metabolism that causes elevated homocysteine concentrations, but its relevance to risk of CHD is uncertain.
285. Risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 enteritis: a meta-analysis.
The use of antibiotics for treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection has become controversial since a recent small study found that it may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). However, other larger studies have reported a protective effect or no association.
286. Physician gender effects in medical communication: a meta-analytic review.
Physician gender has been viewed as a possible source of variation in the interpersonal aspects of medical practice, with speculation that female physicians facilitate more open and equal exchange and a different therapeutic milieu from that of male physicians. However, studies in this area are generally based on small samples, with conflicting results.
287. Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis.
作者: Adnan T Bhutta.;Mario A Cleves.;Patrick H Casey.;Mary M Cradock.;K J S Anand.
来源: JAMA. 2002年288卷6期728-37页
The cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm have been reported extensively. Many of these studies have methodological flaws that preclude an accurate estimate of the long-term outcomes of prematurity.
289. Survival of blacks and whites after a cancer diagnosis.
作者: Peter B Bach.;Deborah Schrag.;Otis W Brawley.;Aaron Galaznik.;Sofia Yakren.;Colin B Begg.
来源: JAMA. 2002年287卷16期2106-13页
In recent years a theory that cancer biology is different in blacks and whites has gained prominence in reaction to epidemiologic observations that blacks have poorer survival than whites, even when diagnosed with cancer of similar severity. Yet, few studies have evaluated whether lower-quality treatment and shorter overall life expectancy due to a greater burden of other illnesses may explain the survival discrepancy.
290. Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing.
Intense debate persists about the need for placebo-controlled groups in clinical trials of medications for major depressive disorder (MDD). There is continuing interest in the development of new medications, but because effective antidepressants are already available, ethical concerns have been raised about the need for placebo groups in new trials.
291. Is this patient clinically depressed?
作者: John W Williams.;Polly Hitchcock Noël.;Jeffrey A Cordes.;Gilbert Ramirez.;Michael Pignone.
来源: JAMA. 2002年287卷9期1160-70页
Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general population, but recognition and accurate diagnosis are made difficult by the lack of a simple confirmatory test.
292. Home visits to prevent nursing home admission and functional decline in elderly people: systematic review and meta-regression analysis.
作者: Andreas E Stuck.;Matthias Egger.;Andreas Hammer.;Christoph E Minder.;John C Beck.
来源: JAMA. 2002年287卷8期1022-8页
The effects of home visitation programs to prevent functional decline in elderly persons have been inconsistent, and the value of these programs is controversial.
293. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Exercise is widely perceived to be beneficial for glycemic control and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, clinical trials on the effects of exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes have had small sample sizes and conflicting results.
294. Should immunonutrition become routine in critically ill patients? A systematic review of the evidence.
Several nutrients have been shown to influence immunologic and inflammatory responses in humans. Whether these effects translate into an improvement in clinical outcomes in critically ill patients remains unclear.
295. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have clubbing?
The association between digital clubbing and a host of diseases has been recognized since the time of Hippocrates. Although the features of advanced clubbing are familiar to most clinicians, the presence of early clubbing is often a source of debate.
296. Relationship between methodological trial quality and the effects of selective digestive decontamination on pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients.
Although meta-analyses of randomized trials have shown that selective digestive decontamination (SDD) prevents nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients, the influence of trial quality on the effectiveness of SDD has not been rigorously evaluated.
297. Risk of stroke associated with abciximab among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
作者: K M Akkerhuis.;J W Deckers.;A M Lincoff.;J E Tcheng.;E Boersma.;K Anderson.;C Balog.;R M Califf.;E J Topol.;M L Simoons.
来源: JAMA. 2001年286卷1期78-82页
Abciximab, a potent inhibitor of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, reduces thrombotic complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Because of its potent inhibition of platelet aggregation, the effect of abciximab on risk of stroke is a concern.
298. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is widely considered to reduce fractures, but this belief is based on observational data; evidence from randomized trials is lacking.
299. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Some observational data suggest that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia but results have been conflicting.
300. Magnetic resonance angiography for the evaluation of lower extremity arterial disease: a meta-analysis.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a rapidly evolving technique that has been reported to be accurate for assessment of lower extremity arterial disease.
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