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281. Physician gender effects in medical communication: a meta-analytic review.
Physician gender has been viewed as a possible source of variation in the interpersonal aspects of medical practice, with speculation that female physicians facilitate more open and equal exchange and a different therapeutic milieu from that of male physicians. However, studies in this area are generally based on small samples, with conflicting results.
282. Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis.
作者: Adnan T Bhutta.;Mario A Cleves.;Patrick H Casey.;Mary M Cradock.;K J S Anand.
来源: JAMA. 2002年288卷6期728-37页
The cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm have been reported extensively. Many of these studies have methodological flaws that preclude an accurate estimate of the long-term outcomes of prematurity.
284. Survival of blacks and whites after a cancer diagnosis.
作者: Peter B Bach.;Deborah Schrag.;Otis W Brawley.;Aaron Galaznik.;Sofia Yakren.;Colin B Begg.
来源: JAMA. 2002年287卷16期2106-13页
In recent years a theory that cancer biology is different in blacks and whites has gained prominence in reaction to epidemiologic observations that blacks have poorer survival than whites, even when diagnosed with cancer of similar severity. Yet, few studies have evaluated whether lower-quality treatment and shorter overall life expectancy due to a greater burden of other illnesses may explain the survival discrepancy.
285. Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing.
Intense debate persists about the need for placebo-controlled groups in clinical trials of medications for major depressive disorder (MDD). There is continuing interest in the development of new medications, but because effective antidepressants are already available, ethical concerns have been raised about the need for placebo groups in new trials.
286. Is this patient clinically depressed?
作者: John W Williams.;Polly Hitchcock Noël.;Jeffrey A Cordes.;Gilbert Ramirez.;Michael Pignone.
来源: JAMA. 2002年287卷9期1160-70页
Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general population, but recognition and accurate diagnosis are made difficult by the lack of a simple confirmatory test.
287. Home visits to prevent nursing home admission and functional decline in elderly people: systematic review and meta-regression analysis.
作者: Andreas E Stuck.;Matthias Egger.;Andreas Hammer.;Christoph E Minder.;John C Beck.
来源: JAMA. 2002年287卷8期1022-8页
The effects of home visitation programs to prevent functional decline in elderly persons have been inconsistent, and the value of these programs is controversial.
288. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Exercise is widely perceived to be beneficial for glycemic control and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, clinical trials on the effects of exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes have had small sample sizes and conflicting results.
289. Should immunonutrition become routine in critically ill patients? A systematic review of the evidence.
Several nutrients have been shown to influence immunologic and inflammatory responses in humans. Whether these effects translate into an improvement in clinical outcomes in critically ill patients remains unclear.
290. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have clubbing?
The association between digital clubbing and a host of diseases has been recognized since the time of Hippocrates. Although the features of advanced clubbing are familiar to most clinicians, the presence of early clubbing is often a source of debate.
291. Relationship between methodological trial quality and the effects of selective digestive decontamination on pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients.
Although meta-analyses of randomized trials have shown that selective digestive decontamination (SDD) prevents nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients, the influence of trial quality on the effectiveness of SDD has not been rigorously evaluated.
292. Risk of stroke associated with abciximab among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
作者: K M Akkerhuis.;J W Deckers.;A M Lincoff.;J E Tcheng.;E Boersma.;K Anderson.;C Balog.;R M Califf.;E J Topol.;M L Simoons.
来源: JAMA. 2001年286卷1期78-82页
Abciximab, a potent inhibitor of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, reduces thrombotic complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Because of its potent inhibition of platelet aggregation, the effect of abciximab on risk of stroke is a concern.
293. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is widely considered to reduce fractures, but this belief is based on observational data; evidence from randomized trials is lacking.
294. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Some observational data suggest that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia but results have been conflicting.
295. Magnetic resonance angiography for the evaluation of lower extremity arterial disease: a meta-analysis.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a rapidly evolving technique that has been reported to be accurate for assessment of lower extremity arterial disease.
296. Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions: a meta-analysis.
Focal pulmonary lesions are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose analog 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) may be an accurate test for identifying malignant lesions.
297. Safety outcomes in meta-analyses of phase 2 vs phase 3 randomized trials: Intracranial hemorrhage in trials of bolus thrombolytic therapy.
Recent studies have reported disagreement between meta-analysis of small trials and subsequent large trials addressing the same question. However, disagreement for uncommon but serious adverse safety outcomes has not been examined.
298. Second-trimester ultrasound to detect fetuses with Down syndrome: a meta-analysis.
作者: R Smith-Bindman.;W Hosmer.;V A Feldstein.;J J Deeks.;J D Goldberg.
来源: JAMA. 2001年285卷8期1044-55页
Second-trimester prenatal ultrasound is widely used in an attempt to detect Down syndrome in fetuses, but the accuracy of this method is unknown.
299. Interferon and ribavirin vs interferon alone in the re-treatment of chronic hepatitis C previously nonresponsive to interferon: A meta-analysis of randomized trials.
作者: K J Cummings.;S M Lee.;E S West.;J Cid-Ruzafa.;S G Fein.;Y Aoki.;M S Sulkowski.;S N Goodman.
来源: JAMA. 2001年285卷2期193-9页
Hepatitis C is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. Several trials have found that interferon and ribavirin combination therapy is more efficacious than interferon monotherapy for previously untreated patients and those who relapsed after prior interferon monotherapy, but its effectiveness for nonresponders to prior interferon monotherapy is unclear.
300. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: A meta-analysis.
Chorioamnionitis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy, but most studies have not reported a significant association. Cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL) is believed to be a precursor of cerebral palsy in preterm infants.
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