Guidelines for the use of nebulizers outside of the hospital were developed at the request of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) to assist in the preparation of Medicare criteria for reimbursement. The National Association for Medical Direction of Respiratory Care (NAMDRC) convened a consensus conference in Leesburg, Va, with physician representatives from the major medical organizations involved in adult and pediatric respiratory care. Members of the health-care industry also were invited to participate. After review of the pertinent references, members of the faculty were preassigned topics for presentations during the first day of the meeting. Three workshops were organized to address segments of the consensus statement and to develop written reports. Each report was reviewed by the entire group and then finalized. The Consensus Conference recommends that a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with reservoir chamber is the preferred mode of aerosol therapy for patients outside of the hospital. The circumstances under which a small-volume nebulizer (SVN) may be appropriate are described. The medications that may be administered by SVN are identified with recommendations as to the usual doses to be prescribed. A cost analysis of the various modes of aerosol therapy is presented. These guidelines should be of value to physicians who are prescribing aerosol therapy in the home and also to policy makers who are developing guidelines for reimbursement.

Dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) has been reported following lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension, usually in association with the use of inotropic agents. This report describes delayed severe right-sided heart failure associated with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction following sequential bilateral lung transplantation and closure of a ventricular septal defect. The patient had no evidence of outflow tract obstruction in the early posttransplant period but developed progressive right heart failure more than 2 months later. Catheterization revealed dynamic RVOTO and an elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The patient was treated with metoprolol tartrate and diltiazem hydrochloride with resolution of the outflow tract obstruction and heart failure. This case demonstrates that RVOTO can occur in the late posttransplant period and must be included in the differential diagnosis for patients who develop right-sided heart failure.

A review of the literature on reduction pneumoplasty for giant bullous emphysema was undertaken to identify current criteria for this surgical treatment and in the hope of obtaining insights into evaluating reduction pneumoplasty for nonbullous emphysema. Twenty-two retrospective case series, published since 1950, were retrieved by a computer search of the literature and a search of the Index Medicus prior to 1966. Reduction pneumoplasty is most effective when bullae are larger than one third of a hemithorax with evidence of compression of adjacent lung tissue and an FEV1 of less than 50% predicted; the presence of emphysema in nonbullous lung and the amount of compression are best judged by CT. The rationale for reduction pneumoplasty for nonbullous emphysema is supported by the similar early functional changes after reduction pneumoplasty for bullous and nonbullous-improvement of blood gas values and lung mechanics. A single study showing that decline of lung function after surgery for bullous emphysema was less in those who stopped smoking than in those who continued to smoke supports the need for preoperative and maintained smoking cessation in patients receiving reduction pneumoplasty. After 4 decades, the duration of improvement in lung function, whether worsening of emphysema occurs in remaining lung, and late morbidity and mortality after reduction pneumoplasty for bullous emphysema are not well defined. A registry with an unoperated-on comparison group could more rapidly accumulate such data after reduction pneumoplasty for nonbullous emphysema.

Hypercalcemia occurs in about 10% of the patients with sarcoidosis; hypercalciuria is about three times more frequent. These abnormalities of calcium metabolism are due to dysregulated production of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 (calcitriol) by activated macrophages trapped in pulmonary alveoli and granulomatous inflammation. Undetected hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria can cause nephrocalcinosis, renal stones, and renal failure. Corticosteroids cause prompt reversal of the metabolic defect. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroqune, and ketoconazole are the drugs that should be used if the patient fails to respond or develops dangerous side effects to corticosteroid therapy.

Native valve endocarditis normally presents with fever and only later in its course demonstrates dysfunction of the affected valve. We describe a case of endocarditis due to Neisseria subflava, a Gram-negative diplococcal saprophyte of the oral cavity, which was unsuspected clinically and found unexpectedly during a mitral valve operation performed for symptomatic prolapse with regurgitation.

Dissemination of lung cancer beyond the intrathoracic lymph nodes (stage IV disease) implies surgical unresectability. However, solitary brain metastases (SBMs) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have often been treated by combined resection of the primary tumor and its metastasis. Such an aggressive approach appears to substantively improve patient outcome and provide better quality of life in selected cases. A search of the literature reveals extended survival (10 years or longer) in 16 patients following combined surgical excision. We report three patients with NSCLC and isolated central nervous system involvement who achieved exceptionally long survival. The existing literature on SBMs from NSCLC is reviewed.