Chronic liver disease is a cluster of disorders associated with complex haemodynamic alterations, which is characterised by structural and functional disruptions of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic vasculature. 'Vasomics' is an emerging omics discipline that comprehensively analyses and models the vascular system by integrating pathophysiology of disease, biomechanics, medical imaging, computational science and artificial intelligence. Vasomics is further typified by its multidimensional, multiscale and high-throughput nature, which depends on the rapid and robust extraction of well-defined vascular phenotypes with clear clinical and/or biological interpretability. By leveraging multimodality medical imaging techniques, vascular functional assessments, pathological image evaluation, and related computational methods, integrated vasomics provides a deeper understanding of the associations between the vascular system and disease. This in turn reveals the crucial role of the vascular system in disease occurrence, progression and treatment responses, thereby supporting precision medicine approaches. Pathological vascular features have already demonstrated their key role in different clinical scenarios. Despite this, vasomics is yet to be widely recognised. Therefore, we furnished a comprehensive definition of vasomics providing a classification of existing hepatic vascular phenotypes into the following categories: anatomical, biomechanical, biochemical, pathophysiological and composite.

Lesion size is an independent risk factor for recurrence following endoscopic mucosal resection of large (≥20 mm) non-pedunculated colorectal polyps. Post-resection margin thermal ablation (MTA) reduces the risk of recurrence. Its impact on the uncommon larger (≥40 mm) lesions is unknown.

24-Nor-ursodeoxycholic acid (NorUDCA) is a novel therapeutic bile acid for treating immune-mediated cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

To treat liver failure, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technology used to construct hepatic tissue models. However, current research on bioprinting of hepatic tissue models primarily relies on conventional single-cell-based bioprinting, where individual functional hepatocytes are dispersed and isolated within hydrogels, leading to insufficient treatment outcomes due to inadequate cell functionality.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have shown promising effects on liver histology in phase 2 trials enrolling patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. However, the impact of GLP-1RAs on the long-term risk of major adverse liver-related outcomes (MALOs) remains uncertain.

Gut microbial metabolites are recognised as critical effector molecules that influence the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Peptidoglycan fragments (PGFs) produced by microbiota play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, but their role in CRC remains unclear.

Despite the success of immune checkpoint blockade, a lack of understanding of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immune microenvironment impedes its development.

A large proportion of individuals with coeliac disease (CeD) remain undiagnosed.

Quantifying systemic inflammation (SI) in acutely decompensated cirrhosis (ADC) is of major importance because SI is a driver of the most severe forms of ADC, including acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Blood biomarkers of SI already evaluated in ADC failed to appropriately assess SI in ADC. We aimed to investigate whether gene expression related to circulating immune cells could quantify SI in ADC.

Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) are biological products composed of living micro-organisms, developed to prevent, treat, or cure diseases. Examples include cultured strains of Akkermansia muciniphila and Christensenella minuta, as well as treatments using purified Firmicutes spores for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. There is a need for guidelines over the increasing interest in developing LBPs. A panel of microbiome experts from Asia-Pacific countries articulates their perspectives on key considerations for LBP development.

Prophylactic application of a haemostatic gel to the resection field may be an easy way to prevent delayed bleeding, a frequent complication after endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR).

Mast cell activation is an important driver of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While evidence supports the role of IgE-mediated mast cell activation in visceral pain development in IBS, the role of pseudoallergic MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell activation in this process remains unknown.

RNA-based therapeutics have rapidly emerged over the past decade, offering a new class of medicines that differ significantly from conventional drugs. These therapies can be programmed to target or restore defective genes, allowing for more personalised treatments and reducing side effects. Notably, RNA therapies have made significant progress in the treatment of genetic liver diseases, exemplified by small interfering RNA treatments for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis, which use liver-targeting strategies such as GalNAc conjugation to improve efficacy and safety. RNA-based gene-editing technologies, such as base editor and prime editor clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats systems, also show promise with their ability to minimise genomic rearrangements and cancer risk. While RNA therapies offer high precision, challenges remain in optimising delivery methods and ensuring long-term safety and efficacy. Lipid nanoparticle-mRNA therapeutics, particularly for protein replacement in rare diseases, have gained support from preclinical successes. Compared with viral gene therapies, mRNA therapies present a safer profile with reduced risks of genomic integration and oncogene activation. However, clinical trials, especially for rare diseases, face limitations such as small sample sizes and short observation periods. Further preclinical studies, including non-human primates, will be essential for refining trial designs. Despite their potential, the high costs of RNA therapies pose a challenge that will require cost-utility models to guide pricing and accessibility. Here, we discuss the fundamental aspects of RNA-based therapeutics and showcase the most relevant preclinical and clinical developments in genetic liver metabolic diseases.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab is now a standard treatment option for advanced HCC.

Treatment strategies for Crohn's disease (CD) suppress diverse inflammatory pathways but many patients remain refractory to treatment. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is an emerging therapy for medically refractory CD though the mechanisms through which it circumvents refractory pathophysiology are unknown.

Oat ingestion in coeliac disease (CD) is generally regarded as safe but can trigger enteropathy and T cells specific for oat avenin in the gut and blood of some individuals.

The link between gut microbiome and eating behaviours, especially palatable food intake, is a growing focus of scientific investigation. The complex ecosystem of microorganisms in the gut influences host metabolism, immune function and neurobehavioural signalling. This review explores the role of neuroinflammation in dysregulations of food-induced reward signalling and the potential causal role of the gut microbiota on these proinflammatory processes. Particular attention is given to eating disorders (ED, specifically anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa) and potential links with the gut microbiota, food reward alterations and neuroinflammation. Finally, we propose gut microbiota modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy in food reward alterations and ED.

Given the imperative to combat climate change, reducing the healthcare sector's implications on the environment is crucial.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are chronic conditions characterised by inflammation of the intestinal tract. Alterations in virtually all intestinal cell types, including immune, epithelial and stromal cells, have been described in these diseases. The study of IBD has historically relied on bulk transcriptomics, but this method averages signals across diverse cell types, limiting insights. Single-cell omic technologies overcome the intrinsic limitations of bulk analysis and reveal the complexity of multicellular tissues at a cell-by-cell resolution. Within healthy and inflamed intestinal tissues, single-cell omics, particularly single-cell RNA sequencing, have contributed to uncovering novel cell types and cell functions linked to disease activity or the development of complications. Collectively, these results help identify therapeutic targets in difficult-to-treat complications such as fibrostenosis, creeping fat accumulation, perianal fistulae or inflammation of the pouch. More recently, single-cell omics have gradually been adopted in studies to understand therapeutic responses, identify mechanisms of drug failure and potentially develop predictors with clinical utility. Although these are early days, such studies lay the groundwork for the implementation in clinical practice of new technologies in diagnostics, monitoring and prediction of disease prognosis. With this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey of the studies that have applied single-cell omics to the study of UC or CD, and offer our perspective on the main findings these studies contribute. Finally, we discuss the limitations and potential benefits that the integration of single-cell omics into clinical practice and drug development could offer.

Chronic restraint stress (CRS) is a tumour-promoting factor. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown.