Acromegaly is a rare, insidious disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality usually caused by a growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary tumor. Somatic mutations in GNAS are common in these tumors, yet their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications are less clear.

Activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are key drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other solid tumours, predicting responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Tumour heterogeneity alongside sampling and technical factors may contribute to discordant EGFR status across biopsies, complicating treatment decisions. However, systematic evidence on prevalence and drivers of discordance remains limited.

The mutation of the plant homeodomain finger protein 6 gene (PHF6MUT) in patients with myeloid neoplasms (MNs) is rare and appears to play a role in prognosis, though this is still under debate. We conducted a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 313 patients diagnosed with MNs. We also performed a systematic review (SR) of the literature to evaluate the prognostic role of PHF6 gene status in MNs. We identified 15 patients with PHF6MUT. In the multivariate analysis, PHF6MUT was associated with higher mortality compared to PHF6wild - type (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.05; P = 0.075), with no apparent impact from other co-mutations. In the multilevel logistic model by MN subtype, the presence of PHF6MUT (independent of variant allele frequency > 20%) was shown to have a positive coefficient (adverse prognosis) in acute myeloid leukemia; in the remainder of MNs, the effect was not significant. PHF6MUT had a marginal and significant effect compared to PHF6wild - type cases (HR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.05; P = 0.039). There were no significant differences in time to blast transformation or time to next treatment depending on PHF6 gene status. According to the results of most studies published to date (SR), PHF6MUT has a prognostic role in MNs; our results are consistent in terms of clinical outcomes, but these marginal effects should be interpreted with caution in the context of existing prognostic models given the limitations of the small sample size.

Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely available and inexpensive agents with proposed antitumor activity, particularly in tumors harboring PIK3CA mutations. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated whether adjuvant NSAID therapy improves outcomes in patients with resected PIK3CA-mutated colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methylation of tumor-suppressor gene promoters, particularly p16 INK4A , is implicated in oral carcinogenesis. Although associations with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) have been reported, no systematic review has examined these conditions while assessing evidence certainty. This review evaluated whether p16 INK4A promoter methylation is associated with OSCC and OPMD.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by malignant transformation of lymphoid precursor cells. ALL prognosis differs considerably, especially between pediatric patients and adult patients, with poor response to therapy in adults. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of genes, are possible cancer biomarkers that predict cancer prognosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers in ALL and extends the findings through ceRNA network and single-cell RNA seq analyses of validated target genes.

To review how molecular preselection and combination treatment affects overall response rate (ORR) in pediatric non-central nervous system (CNS) solid tumors treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

The survival rates of high-grade serous ovarian cancer have not improved in the last three decades, despite extensive research into the molecular determinants of chemoresistance that could inform personalized therapies. This systematic review synthesizes proteomic studies that have used varied sample types, including cell lines, serum, plasma, and ascites, to propose molecular markers of response to treatment regimens consisting of platinum-based chemotherapeutics, taxanes, doxorubicin, and combinations thereof. Gene ontology analyses of differentially expressed proteins across all studies highlight key biological functions, such as heat shock response, cell adhesion, and cell migration. Frequently implicated protein families include keratins, annexins, thioredoxin-related proteins, and SERPINs. We evaluate methodological rigor, orthogonal validation attempts, and adherence to MIAPE data reporting standards to contextualize current knowledge and promote reproducibility in future studies. Collectively, this review underscores proteomics as a promising tool for the prediction of chemotherapy response in high-grade serous ovarian cancer, while emphasizing the need for prospective, standardized approaches that align with data reporting guidelines.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in the oral cavity and head and neck region. Due to its location and psychological and social implications, early detection and treatment are very important. A liquid biopsy can be used to diagnose cancer by analyzing samples of bodily fluids, such as saliva, blood, or urine, for specific molecules released by tumor cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of liquid biopsy in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. A systematic review was carried out, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251238037). Articles taken into consideration for the review were published before 30 September 2025. The search for manuscripts for the review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. Forty-three articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Key data extracted from the studies included authorship, publication date, study location, methodology, number of participants, and reported complications. Most of the analyzed biomarkers showed promising potential for future use in liquid biopsy for OSCC diagnosis. Tumor DNA and miRNA demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy. The standard approach to diagnosis and planning treatment relies on tumor biopsy and diagnostic imaging. Liquid biopsy may complement this process by enabling early detection in high-risk populations and monitoring response to therapy. As such, it serves as a prognostic factor or therapeutic target, successfully identifying disease recurrence.

This review aimed to summarize the inflammatory, microscopic, and histopathological features of inverted sinonasal papilloma (ISP) and to identify viral, molecular, and genetic predictors of recurrence and malignant transformation.

We present a rare case of squamous cell carcinoma with rhabdoid features (SCCR), an aggressive histological variant of SCC, in a 63-year-old man with a history of liver transplantation, alongside a review of the literature on previously reported cases (n = 14). SCCR is characterized by large, ovoid, or polygonal carcinoma cells with eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, eccentric nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. While typically associated with INI-1-inactivating mutations and linked to immunosuppression, particularly post-transplantation, the exact pathogenesis of SCCR remains unclear.The patient presented with an ulcerating, elevated mass on the right parietal scalp 5 months post-transplant, while on tacrolimus and mycophenolate therapy. Pathological analysis revealed moderately differentiated SCC with rhabdoid morphology, measuring 13 mm in thickness, extending close to the specimen's base. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positivity for INI-1, EMA (focal), and CK5/6, with negative staining for desmin, CK18, and CK19.This case highlights the distinct clinical and pathological manifestations of SCCR and underscores the potential for its development following immunosuppression. Increased awareness of this rare and aggressive entity is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.

Fecal DNA methylation of the syndecan-2 (SDC2) gene is being explored as a noninvasive biomarker for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection. However, its diagnostic performance necessitates thorough evaluation. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was conducted to identify studies investigating fecal SDC2 methylation (mSDC2) for CRC diagnosis. Eligible studies included adult CRC patients with histological confirmation and controls with either normal mucosa or benign colorectal lesions. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were synthesized using a Reitsma bivariate random-effects model, and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves with corresponding area under the curve (AUC) values were derived from this hierarchical model. Twenty-five studies encompassing 3,427 CRC patients, 3,267 individuals with benign lesions, and 5,372 with normal mucosa were included. For the comparison of CRC versus normal mucosa (24 studies), the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82-0.89; I² = 88%) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90-0.95; I² = 95%), respectively. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 81.73 (95% CI: 51.60-129.46), with an AUC of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.97). In the comparison against benign lesions (22 studies), the sensitivity was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81-0.89; I² = 87%), specificity was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.59-0.71; I² = 91%), DOR was 11.10 (95% CI: 7.61-16.19), and AUC was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80-0.86). Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry tests indicated no statistically significant publication bias (p = 0.48 and 0.54). In conclusion, fecal mSDC2 testing demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy for CRC detection when compared to individuals with normal mucosa and moderate performance against benign colorectal lesions. These findings suggest that mSDC2 may serve as a promising noninvasive biomarker to complement existing CRC screening methodologies.

Over 20 % of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) experience disease progression after initial treatment. We evaluated the prognostic utility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in HL patients. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science up to March 22, 2025. Survival data were extracted from Kaplan-Meier curves and digitized to reconstruct individual patient-level datasets. We applied a hierarchical Bayesian model with weakly informative priors to estimate hazard ratios (HRs), restricted mean survival times (RMSTs), along with their 95 % credible intervals (CrI) up to five years for both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Ten studies, including 1158 patients, were analyzed. Elevated baseline ctDNA was associated with inferior PFS (HR: 2.74; 95 % CrI: 1.30-5.75) and a 5-year RMST loss of 7.7 (1.2-17.3) months. Prognostic strength increased over time, with interim ctDNA positivity showing an HR of 5.99 (3.46-10.13; ΔRMST: 22.7 months; 12.9-33.2) and end-of-treatment ctDNA positivity showing an HR of 13.4 (3.97-41.87; ΔRMST: 39.2 months; 17.7-49.4). High baseline ctDNA was associated with worse OS (HR: 2.49; 1.07-5.80; ΔRMST: 11.6 months; 0.7-27.8). Similarly, positive ctDNA following treatment predicted worse OS (HR: 4.74; 1.60-14.47; ΔRMST: 16.2 months; 3.0-38.1). To conclude, in HL patients, a higher ctDNA concentration was associated with increased disease progression and mortality, with this association intensifying toward the end-of-treatment. Clinical implementation requires standardization of assay methods, validation of prognostic thresholds, and longitudinal assessment of the independent prognostic value of ctDNA.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are aggressive malignancies with poor survival rates, largely attributable to late diagnosis. Salivary microRNAs (miRNAs), particularly exosome-derived miRNAs, have emerged as promising non-invasive biomarkers for early detection and prognostic assessment. This systematic review evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic value of free and exosomal salivary miRNAs in OSCC and HNSCC. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted for studies published between January 2008 and May 2025. Studies assessing salivary miRNAs in histologically confirmed OSCC/HNSCC using validated molecular techniques were included, with quality assessed using QUADAS-2. Forty-two studies encompassing 2577 patients/samples were analyzed. Several miRNAs, including miR-21, miR-31, miR-1307-5p, and miR-486-5p, demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.85), while others were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, treatment response, and survival outcomes. Exosomal miRNAs generally showed superior stability and predictive performance compared with free miRNAs. However, substantial methodological heterogeneity was observed. Overall, salivary miRNAs-particularly exosomal-represent promising biomarkers for OSCC and HNSCC, although standardized protocols and large-scale validation studies are required for clinical translation.

The prognostic value of SMAD4 in pancreatic cancer has been evaluated in several studies. However, the conclusions remain controversial. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the SMAD4 gene in pancreatic cancer to aid in the design of therapeutic strategies.

Brain metastases (BrM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) are rare but carry dismal prognosis. Emerging genomic analyses have identified insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) amplification as a recurrent event in CRC BrM, suggesting a role in brain tropism and metabolic adaptation.

The efficacy of CD38 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based quadruplet regimens versus triplet regimens in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients with high-risk cytogenetics remains controversial. This meta-analysis aims to consolidate evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to resolve this clinical uncertainty.

Background/Objectives: Stemness has been proposed as a unifying driver of invasion, treatment resistance, and relapse in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We synthesized two complementary evidence streams to determine whether higher stemness predicts poorer survival in OSCC: (i) computational stemness signatures derived from transcriptomic/epigenetic data and (ii) tissue cancer stem cell (CSC) immunophenotypes by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and SciELO. Adults with histologically confirmed OSCC were eligible. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS); disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were secondary. Two parallel meta-analyses pooled effects within domains; random-effects restricted maximum likelihood (REML) models were applied. Results: Of 785 records, 11 studies met criteria. For computational signatures (k = 6), higher stemness was associated with poorer OS (pooled HR 2.24, 95% CI 1.61-3.12; I2 ≈ 49%). Sensitivity excluding the single unadjusted Kaplan-Meier (KM)-derived estimate yielded a similar effect (HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.56-2.89). For CSC-IHC (main analysis, k = 2), CSC-positive profiles predicted worse OS (pooled HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.42-2.84; I2 ≈ 0%); results were robust to excluding an internally inconsistent study (single-study HR 2.078). An exploratory sensitivity analysis, including a 1-year HR (different time horizon), increased heterogeneity and was not considered definitive. A functional meta-synthesis converged on epithelial-mesenchymal transition/extracellular matrix remodeling, hypoxia/glycolysis, redox/ferroptosis resistance, and ribosome/rRNA biogenesis, supporting biological plausibility across modalities. Conclusions: Across computational and IHC evidence, stemness consistently portends inferior OS in OSCC, offering a biologically anchored framework for risk stratification and testable therapeutic hypotheses.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health burden, with rising incidence and mortality despite advances in screening and treatment. Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) and mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) CRCs comprise a distinct molecular subtype characterised by a high mutational burden and immunogenicity, rendering them responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The combination of nivolumab (anti-programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1]) and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. This systematic review aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination therapy in patients with MSI-H/dMMR CRC.

BACKGROUND: Numerous Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs) have been investigated for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yielding mixed results. This study comprehensively evaluated the efficacy and safety of ADC therapies in NSCLC patients, particularly focusing on specific populations. METHODS: A literatures search was conducted to identify prospective trials published between January 2000 and June 2025. Only randomized and non-randomized phase II-IV clinical trials involving adult NSCLC patients treated with ADCs were selected. Efficacy endpoints were categorized based on the primary outcomes of the included studies. RESULTS: The analysis included 16 studies with 1872 participants. The pooled analysis showed a Objective Response Rate (ORR) was 34% (95% CI: 26%-42%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 91.7%). Subgroup analyses revealed significant variations in ORR between different ADC agents (P < 0.0001). In specific NSCLC subgroups, the ORR was 35% for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mutant patients and 36% for those with actionable genomic alterations (AGAs). Notably, HER2-mutant patients achieved a significantly higher ORR of 55%, compared to 21% in populations lacking these mutations (P < 0.0001). ADC therapy may have limited efficacy against squamous cell carcinoma. All-grade and grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 95% and 43% of patients, respectively, both showing high heterogeneity. The incidence of all-grade interstitial lung disease (ILD) was 10%, with the grade ≥ 3 incidence being 2%. The gastrointestinal system was the most frequently involved, but these were predominantly low-grade. In contrast, hematologic and respiratory system involvement were more common among grade ≥ 3 AEs. Pneumonitis and ILD were the leading causes of both treatment-related mortality and discontinuation. CONCLUSION: ADC monotherapy has demonstrated considerable efficacy in previously treated NSCLC. Patients with non-squamous histology, EGFR mutations, or HER2 mutations may derive greater benefit from ADC therapy. However, it should be noted that the partially pooled results, derived from highly heterogeneous data, require cautious interpretation. Close monitoring and proactive management of hematologic and respiratory system-related toxicities are essential. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD420251101467