Immunotherapy has transformed the therapeutic landscape of breast cancer. Nevertheless, an exhaustive overview of the treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) spectrum of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combination therapies remains lacking. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis comparing chemotherapy, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, endocrine therapy, radiotherapy, and dual therapy combined with ICIs. The primary outcomes were overall incidence rates and profiles for all-grade and grade 3 or higher TRAEs and irAEs according to random effects models. We identified 8236 records, 100 of which (9192 patients) met the inclusion criteria. For grade ≥ 3 TRAEs, the ICI-based chemotherapy and ICI-based ADC regimens demonstrated equivalent incidence rates, marginally exceeding those observed in the ICI-based targeted therapy group. Analysis of irAEs revealed that ICI-based chemotherapy combinations had a significantly lower incidence than other dual-agent regimens did. In triplet regimens that combined ICIs with chemotherapy plus additional immunotherapy, irAEs rates remained nearly comparable to those of dual therapies. Among the therapeutic regimens analyzed, ICIs combined with multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors (mTKIs) presented the highest incidence rates of both all-grade and grade ≥ 3 irAEs. Conversely, combination regimens of ICIs with poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors or HER2-targeted monotherapy demonstrated markedly lower risks of irAEs. Our study provides comprehensive data on the TRAEs and irAEs associated with ICI-based combination therapies. These results offer direct and practical references for clinicians to evaluate toxicity profiles and optimize treatment decisions in routine breast cancer care.

Host factors may affect immune-related adverse events (irAE) during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. We systematically reviewed studies on body composition (BMI, CT/DXA-defined sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity) and physical activity (PA) in relation to irAE incidence and severity in ICI-treated adults.

Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is a major cause of morbidity in breast cancer survivors. Although left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is the gold standard for monitoring cardiac function, it is often considered a late and insensitive marker of myocardial damage. New methods have emerged: global longitudinal strain (GLS) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) derived parameters as potentially superior tools for detecting subclinical dysfunction. This study aimed to systematically compare the diagnostic accuracy and temporal sensitivity of GLS, LVEF, and CMR índices in the early detection of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.

Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become a key treatment for melanoma. However, the increasing number of cases of melanoma resistant to immunotherapy highlights the need to develop methods to overcome this resistance. This study aims to collect the most recent information on melanoma immunotherapy, discuss potential strategies to overcome resistance to immunotherapy, and identify areas that require further analysis.

Cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer; however, its nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity often limit treatment eligibility and completion. Nedaplatin, a cisplatin analogue with reduced renal and gastrointestinal toxicity, has been increasingly used in East Asia, but its comparative efficacy and safety in cervical cancer have not been comprehensively evaluated.

Evidence regarding the impact of occupational therapy intervention, with or without transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), on chemo-induced cognitive impairment (chemo brain) among women with breast cancer, is limited.

Elderly frail cancer patients face reduced chemotherapy tolerance and higher complications. Exercise intervention shows promise, but evidence remains limited. To evaluate exercise management's impact on chemotherapy tolerance and complications in this population via systematic review and meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved from databases including PubMed and Embase from inception to July 2025. Elderly cancer patients aged ≥65 years with frailty (per standard diagnostic criteria) undergoing chemotherapy were included, comparing exercise intervention with conventional care. The Cochrane ROB 2.0 tool was used for quality assessment, and RevMan 5.4 software was employed for meta-analysis. Effect sizes were expressed as mean difference (MD), odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI). 18 RCTs (1655 patients) showed exercise significantly reduced complication rates (OR = 0.41, P = 0.01), severe complications (OR = 0.39, P = 0.003), improved 12-minute walking distance (MD = 45.64, P = 0.02), decreased fatigue (MD=-0.80, P = 0.002), and improved quality of life (MD=-6.11, P < 0.001). No effects on Comprehensive Complication Index or readmission rates (P > 0.05). Exercise management is a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention that reduces chemotherapy complication risks, improves functional status, and enhances quality of life in elderly frail cancer patients. It is recommended as a supportive therapy during chemotherapy, prioritizing comprehensive exercise programs (aerobic plus resistance training), administered 3-5 times weekly for 30-60 minutes over 8-12 weeks. Individualized protocols should be developed by multidisciplinary teams (oncology, rehabilitation, and geriatrics) with dynamic tolerance assessment.

To investigate the efficacy and safety of Cadonilimab in patients with metastatic, recurrent, and advanced cervical cancer.

Psychiatric symptoms are frequently found in patients with cancer and often require specific pharmacological treatment. Depression seems to be the most common psychiatric disorder followed by adjustment disorders, anxiety, and delirium. Psychiatric comorbidities are responsible for worse quality of life and low adherence to anticancer treatment. Many different psychiatric drugs are beneficial, but there are increasing risks of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with anticancer drugs. We conducted a PRISMA-compliant systematic review (PROSPERO registered) on drug-drug interactions between psychiatric and anticancer medications, using predefined search terms in electronic databases and specialized interaction software. Only six studies met the predefined inclusion criteria, confirming a significant lack of evidence on this topic. The available studies were often limited by small sample sizes, inadequate controls, or insufficient assessment of drug interactions. Our expanded search in drug interaction software allowed us to cross-reference results and identify clinically relevant interactions. The aim of this paper is to collect and summarize in a user-friendly format the most significant DDIs and to show unfavorable and potentially dangerous combination of drugs.

The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to perioperative treatment for resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers has shown promising results. However, current pivotal trials (KEYNOTE-585 and MATTERHORN) have reported conflicting survival outcomes. To clarify their therapeutic value, we conducted a meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety of adding ICIs to this population.

Several clinical trials have explored the efficacy and safety of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in endometrial cancer (EC). However, evidence supporting PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with other medications in advanced or recurrent EC remains limited.

Programmed death (ligand) 1 inhibitors (e.g., avelumab, pembrolizumab, and retifanlimab) are first-line treatment options for patients with locally advanced or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). In the absence of comparative and randomized trials, we aimed to systematically identify and synthesize real-world evidence (RWE) on the effectiveness and safety of immunotherapies in patients with advanced MCC.

Locally advanced or metastatic penile cancer (LA/mPC) is an aggressive and rare malignancy with limited treatment options. While promising, the role of Immune Checkpoint Blockade (ICB) in LA/mPC remains controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICB in patients with LA/mPC. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane (up to June 2025). The analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines (CRD420251070583). Proportional outcomes were pooled using a random-effects proportional meta-analysis, and hazard ratios (HR) were pooled using a random-effects model. We used the available Kaplan-Meier curves to recreate time-to-event data from the studies considered. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using the I2 metric and Cochran's Q test. A total of 12 cohorts (488 patients) were included in the analysis. The pooled Objective Response Rate in patients treated with ICB was 34.13% (95% CI, 20.62%-56.48%). Subgroup analysis demonstrated marked variability by treatment strategy, with an ORR of 60.7% for ICB plus chemotherapy versus 16.7% for ICB monotherapy (P < .01). At 12 months, pooled Progression-Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS) rates were 62.64% (95% CI, 55.55%-70.63%) and 80.21% (95% CI, 74.11%-86.83%), respectively. The median PFS and OS were 5.7 months and 13.6 months, respectively. The pooled incidence of Immune-related Adverse Events was 40.36% (95% CI, 26.82%-60.74%) for any grade and 13.79% (95% CI, 7.67%-24.80%) for grade ≥ 3 events. ICB, particularly when combined with chemotherapy, shows signals of clinical activity in LA/mPC. However, due to high inter-study variability and the single-arm nature of the analysis, these findings are hypothesis-generating and require prospective, randomized, biomarker-driven validation.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies among middle-aged and elderly men. It exhibits persistently high global incidence and mortality rates. Given the limitations of conventional treatments, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Natural products offer distinct advantages, including low cost, reduced risk of drug resistance, and fewer side effects. Owing to their multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway regulatory properties, natural products have shown significant promise in PCa treatment.

The addition of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors to chemotherapy (CT) or anti-CTLA4 (ipilimumab) has recently emerged as an effective first-line (1L) treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the most common form of esophageal cancer globally.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in breast cancer, thereby informing clinical decision-making. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases from inception to August 2025 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing chemotherapy plus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors versus chemotherapy alone in breast cancer. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3. Primary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and pathological complete response (pCR). Secondary outcomes included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Nineteen RCTs involving 6,546 patients were included. The combination therapy significantly improved pCR(OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.28–2.62, P < 0.001), PFS (HR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.76–0.87, P < 0.00001), and ORR (OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.39–0.96, P = 0.03) compared to chemotherapy alone. OS was significantly improved in the combination group (HR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.81–0.94, P = 0.0007). No significant difference was found in CBR (P = 0.07). Safety analysis revealed a higher incidence of grade ≥ 2 AEs (OR = 1.13, P < 0.001), primarily non-hematological toxicities, and a significant increase in immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which were predominantly grade 1–2. Subgroup analyses indicated greater benefit in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and PD-L1-positive populations, with optimal PFS observed with taxane-based regimens. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors to chemotherapy significantly enhances efficacy in breast cancer, particularly for patients with PD-L1-positive TNBC, at the cost of an increased but manageable risk of low-grade irAEs. Clinical implementation should be guided by biomarker testing and proactive toxicity monitoring.

Clinical trials have demonstrated favorable outcomes with sacituzumab govitecan (SG) in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). However, significant differences between trial settings and routine clinical practice raise concerns about the real-world prognosis of patients with mTNBC. To address this gap, we conducted the first comprehensive single-arm meta-analysis integrating clinical trials and real-world studies (RWSs) to evaluate clinical outcomes and treatment experiences in mTNBC patients receiving SG.

BACKGROUND: The rise in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cases and deaths in China necessitates new treatments. This investigation is designed to establish the comparative efficacy between the coupling of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) paired with chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone for Chinese individuals diagnosed with CCA. METHOD: Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases were scanned systematically, spanning their initial establishment through June 2025. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), the primary outcome measures, were demonstrated by the included studies. Included studies specified objective response rate (ORR), adverse events (AEs), and disease control rate (DCR) as secondary endpoints. Engauge Digitizer 11.3 extracted survival curve data points for studies with sole curve data. Calculated: log (HR) = ln (HR), [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]. RESULTS: The synthesis of the research incorporated findings from eight studies, which altogether assessed 802 cases of cholangiocarcinoma. Combining ICIs with chemotherapy markedly enhanced survival duration. OS had a hazard ratio of 0.46 (95% CI, 0.30–0.58; P < 0.001). PFS had a HR of 0.56 (95% CI, 0.46–0.67; P < 0.001). Higher ORR and DCR were also noted with combination therapy (ORR: risk ratio [RR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.22–1.48; P < 0.001; DCR: RR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.84–3.29; P < 0.001). Combination therapy was found, via Kaplan-Meier curves, to significantly increase OS (HR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.39–0.53; P < 0.001); PFS (HR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.35–0.46; P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis validated stable, OS: HR = 0.46 (95% CI 0.36–0.58, P < 0.001); PFS: HR = 0.56 (95% CI 0.46–0.67, P < 0.001) for ICIs plus chemotherapy treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Adding ICIs to chemotherapy for advanced CCA in China enhances treatment response and survival, without added adverse effects, offering a beneficial and tolerable therapeutic alternative for advanced and recurrent CCA.

To systematically review the literature surrounding medication-associated thyroid eye disease (TED).

Immunotherapy has fundamentally changed the treatment landscape for both solid and hematologic malignancies over the past decade. However, an evolving body of literature has reported immune-related adverse events (irAEs) involving several organs in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Our study aimed to systematically review published disproportionality analyses on ICIs, to summarize the current state of methodology and potential strengths of the analysis, while highlighting safety signals generated for these pharmacological groups.