Sellar tumors are predominantly benign neoplasms accounting for approximately 14-18% of all brain tumors. For many decades, there have been a few clinical cases confirming possible simultaneous coexistence of two nosological groups in one area. We present 2 rare cases of sellar collision tumors (a 61-year-old male with pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma; a 68-year-old female with pituitary adenoma and meningioma of tubercle), clinical features, anamnesis, preoperative neuroimaging, intraoperative picture and postoperative outcomes. Combination of pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma/ meningioma as a type of collision tumors requires caution at all stages of treatment due to impossible preoperative analysis of tumor density and, accordingly, correct choice of surgical access. Transsphenoidal endoscopic access reduces mortality rate according to literature data. Preoperative MR elastometry needs to be studied in depth including patients with sellar collision tumors.

Combination of different intracranial tumors is an infrequent phenomenon. Combination of pituitary adenomas with craniopharyngiomas is extremely rare.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by autonomous secretion of parathyroid hormone by altered parathyroid glands. In most cases PHPT is a sporadic disease, 5-10% of observations are genetically determined syndromal and non-syndromal forms. Studies of families with hereditary forms of PHPT have led to the discovery of key oncosuppressor genes and proto-oncogenes whose somatic mutations underlie the development of many sporadic parathyroid tumors. Another interest in the pathogenesis of primary hyperparathyroidism is studying mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in tumor tissue. In the first part of this review, we will discuss the classification, morphology, and etiology of PHPT. In the second part, we will present a summary of the most important studies using genetic analysis, classified according to the method used.

Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) is not only the main method for staging of bladder cancer, but also the standard of surgical treatment for patients with non-muscle-invasive tumosr. Previously, the generally accepted technique for performing TURBT was electroresection using loop, but the active introduction of laser technologies has made the resection of the entire tumor in a single block (en bloc) widely available. According to some authors, en bloc resection of the bladder tumor allows to overcome some limitations of standard TURBT, including insufficient quality of the specimen containing the muscle layer and implantation of floating tumor cells in the bladder. However, the en bloc resection also has limitations. When using the en bloc resection for tumors larger than 3 cm, successful evacuation of the entire lesion becomes unlikely, therefore, it is usually recommended to use it for smaller tumors. Publications devoted to the successful en bloc resection for large bladder tumors are included in the literature review. According to most authors, all the advantages of en bloc resection are preserved regardless of the tumor size, such as potentially better local control, lower recurrence rates outside the resection area, and higher quality of specimens for pathological study. A significant limitation of the technique is the inability to evacuate the tumor through the endoscope channel, which requires additional interventions (morcellation, dissection, ablation) or equipment (endoscopic baskets, forceps, etc.). Taking into account the conclusions of the Delphi consensus held in 2020, tumor size should not limit the use of the en bloc resection of the bladder tumor in the routine practice. However, an effective method for evacuating large bladder tumors that suits all specialists has not yet been proposed.

Fat necrosis is a benign inflammation of adipose tissue, which is associated with sterile saponification, due to impaired blood supply. At the same time, differential diagnostics with malignant neoplasms and tumor relapses is extremely difficult due to the similar features according to imaging studies (ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET/CT). We present a clinical case of fat necrosis, confirmed by the immunohistochemical study, simulating recurrent kidney cancer. The patient underwent partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. After 6 months, radiological signs of tumor recurrence were detected in the resection area, due to which patient underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy. Immunohistochemical study indicated fat necrosis.

To estimate frequency and type of renal injury in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) receiving ipilimumab and nivolumab after nephrectomy.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer worldwide. Current methods of definitive treatment of PCa provide good recurrence-free survival in patients with low and intermediate risk of progression, and yet about a third of men will face the local recurrence in the next 10 years of life. Today, there is a great need to find optimal technologies for treating local relapses of PCa.

To discuss the feasibility, safety, and efficiency of conventional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) for patients with renal hilar tumors.

Progression of metastatic prostate cancer after castration resistance is one of the main challenges in prostate cancer therapy. 177Lu-PSMA-617 has been recently investigated in castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer.

Schwannoma is a benign tumor arising from the peripheral nerve sheaths and consisting of highly differentiated Schwann cells, which under physiological conditions produce the essential component of nerve fibers myelin. Frequent localization of neoplasms are areas with developed and abundant nerve supply - the head, neck, limbs, less often its occur in the chest, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, adrenal glands, organs of the gastrointestinal tract, cases of schwannoma of the penis and vulva are also described. In clinical practice, extratesticular schwannoma of the scrotum is extremely rare, when analyzing literary sources, descriptions of only isolated observations were found. Scrotal schwannoma is often associated with systemic pathology - neurofibromatosis type 2 or schwannomatosis, isolated development of the tumor is rather considered an exceptional event. In this article, we present a description of a clinical case of multiple large scrotal schwannoma in a 45-year-old man who underwent surgical treatment with excision of the tumor in 2011. During the period 2011-2024, the patient had no relapse of the disease, the quality of life was high and the prognosis was favorable.

Oncological diseases of the anogenital zone in men have become increasingly relevant in recent years. It is associated with the increasing incidence, subtle clinical manifestations, and difficulties in establishing a diagnosis, requiring, in most cases, histological examination, since the diagnostic capabilities of non-invasive methods, unfortunately, are limited. Precancerous conditions, both associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-negative, occupy a special place among penile oncological disorders, timely diagnosis of which is extremely important.

Transrectal prostate biopsy remains the standard method for prostate cancer diagnosis, but it is associated with a high risk of infectious complications. In recent years, fosfomycin has been increasingly used as an alternative for antibiotic prophylaxis due to the increasing resistance of pathogens to fluoroquinolones, its good safety profile and ease of use. Results of several studies dedicated to the efficiency of fosfomycin are highlighted in this review. Fosfomycin demonstrates significant advantages as a drug for the prevention of infectious and inflammatory complications in patients after prostate biopsy, especially in case of increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones. Its efficacy, safety and ease of use make it an attractive choice and a reliable alternative in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. Combination regimens with fluoroquinolones may be preferable for high-risk group.

Melanoma is the most aggressive malignant skin neoplasm with a high potential for metastasis and molecular genetic diversity. A clinical case of a 35-year-old patient who admitted to the clinic with a diagnosis of melanoma of the skin on the back of pT2aN2M1b, Clarke invasion stage 3, BRAF (+), metastases to the brain, spine (Th8), who had previously undergone to complete excision of melanoma in 2023, is presented in the article. During examination, bladder tumor was detected. Histological study confirmed the presence of metastatic melanoma of the bladder. Metastatic bladder tumor in patients with melanoma is a rare entity. Surgical treatment can be carried out to improve dysuria and the oncological outcomes, including those patients with synchronous metastases.

to explore the development of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on deep learning (DL) neural networks aimed at minimizing human error in PI-RADS grading and supporting medical decision-making.

To date, the nature of micro-level changes in retinoblastoma (RB) foci following combination chemotherapy (CT) remains poorly studied.

To analyze the immediate results of thoracoscopic (video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy - VATS TE) and open combined thymectomy (OTE) for invasive thymomas.

Inverted papilloma (SIP) is a relatively rare benign epithelial tumor of the nasal cavity which characterized by an aggressive course with local destruction of surrounding structures, a tendency to recurrence and associated with malignancy. Etiology remains little understood. SIPs is most commonly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) and mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes, which are upregulated in recurrent SIPs.These factors are responsible for theinverted papilloma transformation into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Prognosis of sinonasal SCC is poor, in most cases likely owing to its advanced stage at presentation. Treatment includes complete SIP removal by endoscopic approach with histological examination. Follow-up of these patients is critical to diagnosing relapse, which can be either early or late. It is important to diagnose recurrence to enable early treatment, especially in case of associated carcinoma or malignancy. In case of SCC, additional radiotherapy and/or neoadjuvant chemotherapy is needed, because it shows promising results in improving outcomes. In this article, we present a clinical case of managing a patient with malignancy of inverted papilloma, which led to extensive destruction.

Fibrosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of the larynx, characterized by slow development and clinically similar to a polyp of the vocal fold. The main method of treating non-epithelial tumors is surgery, but in some cases radiation therapy and chemotherapy are used. Due to the rarity of these laryngeal tumors, the choice of surgical intervention volume is not determined and more often depends on the location of the neoplasm, the prevalence of the process and the degree of malignancy. This paper presents a clinical case of endolaryngeal microsurgical laser resection of the larynx in fibrosarcoma.

The development of methods for early diagnosis of tumor diseases of the head and neck is one of the most important areas of biomedicine and healthcare in general. Special attention should be paid to consideration of issues related to the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the skin of the head and neck area. In this aspect, confocal Raman microspectroscopy is of interest.

Gastric cancer remains the fifth most common malignant neoplasm in the world and ranks fifth among the causes associated with cancer. The TNM system remains the gold standard for predictive stratification of patients with gastric cancer, but the search for new sensitive, specific and reproducible biomarkers to develop a personalized approach to the management of patients with gastric cancer does not lose its relevance. The phenomenon of tumor budding is a well-established independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. In 2017, the first guideline on the method of calculating tumor budding for colorectal cancer was published. Despite the promising potential of using tumor budding in gastric cancer this parameter is still not evaluated in everyday practice. This lection provides data on various methods of counting tumor budding in gastric carcinomas, describes the molecular mechanisms of interaction between tumor cells and the immune microenvironment, and summarizes the available data on the relationship of clinical and morphological characteristics of gastric cancer with the degree of tumor budding. The relationship between the degree of tumor budding and the prognostic characteristics of gastric cancer and the prospects for its use is also described.