A search for efficient biomarkers of ovarian cancer is one of the current trends in gynecologic oncology. Metabolic profiling by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) yields information about the total set of low-molecular-weight metabolites of a patient's biological fluid sample. The metabolites may provide potential disease markers, and their combination with microRNA level data significantly increases the diagnostic value. To identify the potential noninvasive diagnostic markers of serous ovarian adenocarcinoma, the metabolomic profile and microRNA transcript levels were studied in urine samples of patients. The study included 60 patients diagnosed with serous ovarian adenocarcinoma and 20 women without a cancer history. Chromatographic separation of metabolites was performed on a Vanquish Flex UHPLC system coupled to an Orbitrap Exploris 480 mass spectrometer. A search for gene regulators of metabolites and microRNA regulators of genes was carried out using the Random forest machine learning method. The microRNA transcript levels in the urine were determined by real-time PCR (qPCR). LASSO-penalized logistic regression was used to build predictive models. In total, 26 compounds showed abnormal concentrations in the ovarian cancer (OC) patients compared with the control group, the set including kynurenine, phenylalanyl-valine, lysophosphatidylcholines (18:3, 18:2, 20:4, and 14:0), alanylleucine, L-phenylalanine, phosphatidylinositol (34:l), 5-methoxytryptophan, 2-hydroxymyristic acid, 3-oxocholic acid, indoleacrylic acid, lysophosphatidylserine (20:4), L-β-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine, myristic acid, decanoylcarnitine, aspartyl-glycine, malonylcarnitine, 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, 3-methylxanthine, 2,6-dimethylheptanoylcarnitine, 3-oxododecanoic acid, N-acetylproline, L-octanoylcarnitine, and capryloylglycine. Metabolite-gene regulator (47 genes) and metabolite-microRNA regulator (613 unique microRNAs) relationships were established by the Random forest method. Levels of 85 microRNAs were validated by qPCR. Changes in transcript levels in the OC patients compared with the controls were observed for miR-382-5p, miR-593-3p, miR-29a-5p, miR-2110, miR-30c-5p, miR-181a-5p, let-7b-5p, miR-27a-3p, miR-370-3p, miR-6529-5p, miR-653-5p, miR-4742-5p, miR-2467-3p, miR-1909-5p, miR-6743-5p, miR-875-3p, miR-19a-3p, miR-208a-5p, miR-330-5p, miR-1207-5p, miR-4668-3p, miR-3193, miR-23a-3p, miR-12132, miR-765, miR-181b-5p, miR-4529-3p, miR-33b-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-6866-3p, miR-4753-5p, miR-103a-3p, miR-423-5p, miR-491-5p, miR-196b-5p, miR-6843-3p, miR-423-5p and miR-3184-5p. Thus, significant metabolomic imbalance in the urine was observed in the OC patients and was associated with changes in the levels of microRNAs that regulate the signaling pathways of the metabolites. The 26 compounds with abnormal concentrations and the levels of the microRNAs miR-33b-5p, miR-423-5p, miR-6843-3p, miR-4668-3p, miR-30c-5p, miR-6743-5p, miR-4742-5p, miR-1207-5p, and miR-17-5p in the urine were considered to be suitable as noninvasive diagnostic markers of OC.

The article shows the role of long-lasting postmortem spinal reflexes' potential in rigor mortis development on an example of fatal railway injury. Strokes with metal rod on both biceps caused a spinal reflex (forearms' flexion in elbow joints and fingers) instead of an idiomuscular tumor with simultaneous development of a pronounced rigor mortis of the upper limbs on the decapitated corpse of a 20-year-old woman 7.25 h after death.

Breast cancer (BC) with triple-negative molecular profile is characterized by special and rather serious problems in terms of clinical management of patients compared to other types. On the one hand this is due to the fact that tumors with such a status often do not respond to routine targeted therapy and only a minimal number of drugs are currently available for their treatment. On the other hand, cases of triple-negative BC (TNBC) are often diagnosed against the background of an extensive metastatic process, in which confirmation of the metastases histogenesis to breast tissue is a difficult task due to the low sensitivity of such carcinomas to specific organ markers. It is known that about 40-50% of all TNBC cases are characterized by the achievement of complete pathomorphological regression of the primary tumor as a result of neoadjuvant chemotherapy courses, which determines a favorable prognosis of the disease. In other cases (also up to 50%), TNBC do not respond to chemotherapy and exhibit persistent drug resistance, such tumors are more aggressive, have the highest relapse rate and a high risk of metastasis. For this group of patients, the issue of finding predictive markers and new therapeutic methods remains unresolved. The presented literature review reflects the data of the analysis of publicly available results of scientific studies devoted to potentially promising molecular markers, including IDO1, DCLK1 and FOXC1, their significance in BC, including TNBC is described. Based on the analysis of literary data, it can be argued that IDO1, DCLK1 and FOXC1 are promising objects for further research in the context of TNBC. Each marker has unique characteristics that make them important both for disease prognosis and for the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Solitary fibrous tumor is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm, the most common localization of which is the pleural cavity, but the tumor can also affect other organs. This neoplasm with localisation in the kidney was first described only in 1996. Solitary fibrous tumor accounts for 0.2% of all kidney neoplasms and is an exceptional phenomenon. Currently, there is no generally accepted theory explaining the etiology and pathogenesis, probably, its development is a multifactorial process including a combination of genetic, epigenetic and external factors. Despite the lack of unambiguous opinion on the nature of the neoplasm, the spectrum of molecular abnormalities in this tumor has been sufficiently studied. The literature presents a limited number of publications devoted to this pathology, in this regard it should be noted that in routine practice, the morphological picture may not always be so unambiguous and require the pathologist to conduct differential diagnostics with a fairly wide range of tumors. Given the rarity of this disease, we would like to share a description of our own clinical observation demonstrating the possible difficulties of morphology diagnostics.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare mesenchymal tumor. SFT was first described by Klemperer and Rabin in 1931. They described a fibrous tumor of the pleura. Currently, isolated cases of SFT of the gallbladder and common bile duct have been described in the world. SFT is characterized by nuclear expression of STAT6 and the formation of chimeric genes NAB2-STAT6. A case report of a rare SFT of the common bile duct in a 66-year-old patient is presented. The description contains data from radiation and ultrasound diagnostic methods, macro- and microscopic characteristics of the tumor and immunohistochemical characteristics.

Complete mesocolonectomy (CME) is the current standard of treatment for colon cancer patients. At the same time, there are currently no clear standards for the pathomorphological assessment of CME quality, allowing for a comprehensive and independent assessment of the quality of surgical treatment.

This study explores the immunohistochemical and prognostic characteristics of gastric cancer (GC).

To study the pathomorphological changes in eyes that underwent secondary enucleation following various types of organ-preserving treatments for choroidal melanoma (CM).

Squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva are divided into human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent. There is a need to determine the most effective methods for determining the HPV status of a tumor. Differences in the morphological structure of carcinomas have been shown, but the histological type of tumor does not fully reflect the differences in cell size for understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis.

To evaluate the degree of tumor budding by three methods in gastric cancer and to study its relationship with clinical and morphological characteristics and its impact on overall survival. Choose the best way to determine the tumor budding in gastric cancer.

To evaluate the MMR system proteins and the MSI status of regenerative (indefinite for dysplasia) and pronounced (epithelial dysplasia) gastric mucosa precancerous lesions in the comparison with cancer to determine their possible potential as a diagnostic markers of gastric mucosa dysplasia.

Kimura technique is a common variant of spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy and preferable for patients with benign pancreatic lesions. We performed spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with preservation of splenic vessels in a patient with serous pancreatic cystadenoma. Preoperative imaging revealed fusion of neoplasm with splenic artery and vein within a short segment. This prepared surgeons for potential laparoscopic vascular suture.

To evaluate the effectiveness of repeated breast reconstruction in cancer patients depending on complications after primary reconstruction.

To evaluate the immediate and long-term functional results of total gastrectomy (TGE) with restoration of duodenal passage through double tract reconstruction (DTR) in comparison with Roux-en-Y reconstruction.

To develop a nomogram and risk assessment calculator for prolonged pleural effusion after lobectomy for lung cancer.

To analyze the first thousand of anatomical resections at the Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute between 2009 and 2023.

The article presents an overview of the intermediate results of treatment for maxillary sinus melanoma in a 66-year-old patient. The importance of timely diagnosis and active surgical tactics for achieving the best survival results up to 5 years is noted. After further examination, the diagnosis was confirmed, the patient underwent genomic sequencing of the tumor tissue biopsy, which revealed a BRAF mutation. In this regard, adjuvant therapy was prescribed according to the dabrafenib+trametinib regimen. It was noted that this rare pathology requires careful study, monitoring of clinical outcomes and features of surgical tactics, considering the multifocal nature of the tumor and its high aggressiveness in comparison with the cutaneous form. In the future, the possibility of surgical intervention is discussed, extensive resection is considered, the expected volume, which can reach the removal of both soft tissue and bone structures up to resection of a part of the lower wall of the orbit.

The article presents a literature review and a clinical case of an adenomatoid odontogenic tumor in a 3-year-old child. After the surgical treatment, an morphological and immunohistochemical (with antibodies to Ki-67, CK7, CK 14 and CK 18) studies of the remote material were performed. The histological features of the neoplasm are shown, and its origin from the odontogenic epithelium is substantiated.

Based on eight clinical cases the article analyzes the main clinical and radiographic features of eight children aged 6-14 years with rare cystic lesions: juvenile inflammatory collateral cyst (ICC). ICCs were associated with incompletely erupted first (6 children) or second (2 children) permanent molars. Only in 5 cases did they manifest as pain in the area of the affected teeth, in the remaining cases they were radiographic findings during examination before orthodontic treatment. At the same time, the teeth in the projection of the cyst retained their vitality in all cases, which was confirmed by the cold test and continued root growth after cystectomy. On OPG, ICCs were manifested by a wide variety of localizations (in the bifurcation projection, below, distal or medial to the roots of the teeth), but CBCT made it possible to detect a common symptom - predominantly the vestibular location of the lesion. Cystectomy without endodontic treatment of teeth in the projection of the cyst turned out to be a successful treatment tactic, which is confirmed by observation for 6 -84 months without recurrence of ICCs and dental complications.

The probability of meningiomas metastasizing is 0.18%, and the causes are unclear. The most common localizations of extracranial metastases are lung (37.2%), bones (16.5%) and liver (9.2%). There are no effective treatment algorithms for metastatic meningiomas. Treatment tactics consists of symptomatic surgery and radiotherapy.