The paper gives the current data available in the literature on the relationship and pathogenetic mechanisms of influence of adipose tissue on colorectal carcinogenesis. It considers the aspects of changes in adipose tissue and microenvironment of the tumor itself, including those under the influence of biologically active substances secreted by adipocytes; differences in subcutaneous and visceral fat and their importance in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as the role of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Understanding these mechanisms for adipose tissue influence on CRC will assist not only in preventing this disease, but also in searching for new therapeutic targets.

The work describes the development of a reagent kit for high-performance HLA-typing using the Illumina MiSeq System platform. The developed reagent kit contains all the necessary components for target enrichment of five HLA genes, preparation of libraries, and software for automatic data analysis. The reagent kit verified on a 93 DNA samples with known genotypes. During the verification, the sensitivity and specificity of the reagent kit for each of the HLA loci were determined - for A and B they were 1.0 and 1.0, respectively, for the C-1.0 and 0.99 locus, for the DRB1 locus 0.98 and 0.99, for the DQB1 locus 0.98 and 0.93.

The objective of this study was to evaluate immunoregulatory and protective potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in a mouse model of lethal HSV1 infection. MSC were isolated from bone marrow of DBA mice and cultured in flasks with DMEM containing 10% FBS, insulin, transferrin, selenite, fbroblast growth factor, glutaminе and gentamicin. Antiviral activity was tested on HSV1-infected Vero cells. In vivo experiments were performed on DBA mice divided into 5 groups (10 animals each): group 1, intact (naïve) mice; group 2, intravenous (iv) MSC injection; group 3, ntraperitoneal infection with 20 LD50 HSV1 followed by MSC injection; group 4, HSV1 infection followed by acyclovir (ACV) injection; group 5, HSV1 infection and iv injection of saline. Isolated cells were consistent with MSC morphologically, by adhesive ability and surface receptors. Conditioned media from MSC collected after 4-5 passages inhibited HSV1 infection in vitro by 64-70% and contained IL-6 and TNF-α, whose concentrations were 5- and 20-fold higher, respectively, than in the control. MSC and ACV injections protected 70% and 60% of DBA mice, respectively, compared with the control (group 5, 10% survival). High activity of virus neutralizing anti-HSV1 antibodies and activation of T cell proliferation were observed in survived mice from group 3. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in these mice were lower and that of INF-γ much higher than in agonizing animals of this group (Р<0.05). These fndings indicate that MSC therapy is a prospective approach to the development of new effective management of generalized HSV1 infection.

We propose a hypothesis that the causes of aging are not random events, but regular processes due to the dysfunction of species-specific transposons. The hypothesis is justified by the fact that the average life expectancy differs significantly between species. In addition, genomes of different species differ in the composition and arrangement of transposons in them, which control the differentiation of cells in different tissues and at different stages of development. We presented literature data confirming this assumption and substantiating the key role of transposons in regulating gene expression in ontogenesis. In the terminally differentiated cells, the mechanisms of the silencing of mobile elements are activated, which are depleted, which leads to the dysfunction of gene-regulated regulatory networks controlled by transposons, the aging and development of age-associated pathology. Mobile elements are capable of transposing into strictly defined genomic loci, transcribed into functional RNAs that are translated into peptides. We propose that the detection of changes in the activity of specific mobile elements associated with aging through the analysis of non-coding RNA of transposon origin can be the basis for developing ways to increase life expectancy and targeted therapy for age-related pathologies, including malignant tumors. A promising direction in this respect may be the study of peptides that affect the expression of specific transposons and non-coding RNAs.

Continuous low-intensity laser irradiation (LILI) affects the state of cells in culture, including their proliferation rate. Data collected with various cell models vary significantly, but most studies have reported positive effects of LILI on cell proliferation. The effects of continuous infrared LILI (835 nm) was studied using three independent different melanoma cell lines. The LILI effect was shown to strongly depend on the irradiation dose. Higher doses (230 kJ/m^(2)) significantly suppressed the cell growth. A further increase in LILI dose led to a significant cytotoxic effect, which increased disproportionately quickly with the increasing light intensity. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were found to be significantly more resistant to the cytotoxic effect of higher-dose LILI. Importantly, the effects were not due to the difference in culture conditions. Control experiments showed that 15 non-melanoma tumor cell lines were more resistant to LILI than melanoma cells. Selective sensitivity of melanoma cells to LILI in vitro was assumed to provide a basis for LILI-based approaches to melanoma treatment.

The literature review addresses the use of stem cells (SC) in ischemic stroke (IS). Part 1 of the paper overviews the results of experimental animal studies. Characteristics of different SC types and results of their studies in experimental models of IS are presented in the first section, the second section considers pros and cons of the methods of SC injection.

The review of the literature deals with the participation of Clara cells now called club cells (CCs) of the epithelium in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles in the pathogenesis and morphogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, precancer, and cancer of the lung, which develop in the respiratory segments. The review summarizes data on the histophysiology of CCs and their participation in the pathogenesis and morphogenesis of chronic interstitial lung diseases, pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive diseases, adenomatosis, and adenocarcinoma of the lung. In this area, there is a bronchioloalveolar junction area (BAJA), one of the most important stem cell niches. CCs are located in the BAJA; they are progenitor tissue stem cells and play an important role in the regeneration of the epithelium of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Pathology of CCs in the BAJA leads to the maintenance of chronic inflammation, to the destruction of the lung elastic frame, and to impaired epithelial regeneration, interstitial fibrosis, and adenomatosis. In this case, decompensated inflammation, pathological regeneration, and fibrosis develop, which, along with the action of carcinogenic agents, can contribute to the accumulation of mutations and epigenetic rearrangements in the CCs, which subsequently results in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the loss of neurons, the accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques in the brain. However, there are contradicting data on differences in neurogenesis at the onset of the disease or before the formation of amyloid plaques. As awareness of the importance of the pre-symptom phase in neurodegenerative diseases grows in the context of early diagnosis and pathogenesis, we analyzed the critical periods of adult hippocampal neurogenesis at an early stage under the action of soluble Ab1-42 beta-amyloid. The proliferation, migration and neuronal cells survival were evaluated in mice with an injection of soluble amyloid beta-oligomers. It was found that the injection of Ab1-42 oligomers causes a decrease in cell proliferation in the mouse hippocampus. Despite the preservation of the neuroblast pool in animals after beta-amyloid injection, the process of radial migration is disrupted, and an increase in apoptosis in the neurogenic niche was revealed. Thus, our results demonstrate damage of neurogenesis critical stages: the progenitor cells, neuroblast migration, the integration of immature neurons, and the survival of neurons under application of soluble beta-amyloid oligomers. The obtained data indicate decline in proliferation rate in the subgranular zone, that is accompanied by ectopic differentiation and disturbed migration, producing, apparently, abnormal neurons that have lower survival rates. That could lead to a decrease in mature neurons numbers and the number of cells in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus.

To compare the cytocompatibility of osteoplastic materials used in dentistry with stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC).

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency. Due to high proliferative activity, ESCs use a specific pathway of the formation of ATP molecules, which can lead to the development of the adaptive metabolic response under the conditions of energy deficiency (which is different from the response of differentiated cells). It is known that metabolic signals are integrated with the cell cycle progression; however, the signaling pathways that connect the availability of nutrients with the regulation of cell cycle in ESCs are insufficiently studied. We have studied the effect of the AICAR agent, which imitates an increase in AMP level and induces the activation of the metabolic sensor AMPK, on proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and pluripotency of mouse ESCs (mESCs). It has been demonstrated that cells treated with AICAR do not stop at the control G1/S point of the cell cycle, since they do not accumulate P21/WAF1 (G1/S checkpoint regulator), despite P53 activation. On the contrary, AICAR increases the rate of mESC proliferation, which correlates with increased expression of pluripotency marker genes (OCT3/4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4, ESRRB, PRDM14). In addition, an increase in the transcription of the HIFlα gene (a key regulator of the cell proliferation and viability, as well as glucose metabolism under stress) was detected. An increase in the expression of glycolytic enzyme genes (LDHA, ALDOA, PCK2, GLUT4) under the effect of AICAR indicates a change in mESC metabolism towards increased glycolysis. Thus, AICAR-dependent AMPK activation as one of possible mechanisms of the mESC adaptive response to the emergence of energetic imbalance is not accompanied by a cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint, but involves the processes of increasing glycolytic activity.

Laminins are a family of extracellular heterotrimeric glycoproteins that are the main structural component of basement membranes (BMs), perform a barrier function, and are important for adhesion, differentiation, migration, and resistance to apoptosis of various cells, including cancer cells. The review summarizes the current knowledge of how laminins produced by cancer and normal cells influence the key stages of carcinogenesis. Laminin 332 (LN-332) and LN-111 enhance proliferation of certain cancer cells and increase the tumour growth. LN-111 increases resistance to apoptosis, induces differentiation, and inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells. LN-332 is associated with higher adhesion and higher migration potential of cancer cells. LN-411 and LN-421 significantly increase motility of cancer cells. LN-332 and LN-511 facilitate cell-cell adhesion and affect the efficacy of cell-cell interactions. The laminin chains α4 and α5 are important for the development and function of blood and lymphatic vessels. The expression ratio of the α4 and α5 laminin chains defines the BM permeability to leukocytes and, presumably, cancer cells in blood and lymphatic vessels. Interactions between LN-511 and α2-containing laminins enhance self-renewal and survival of circulating cancer stem cells. Moreover, laminins are involved in the formation of premetastatic niches and new colonies. Endogenous expression of the α4 laminin chain stimulates proliferation of individualised circulating cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and facilitates micrometastasis.

Critical lower-limb ischaemia (CLLI) is associated with high risk of limb loss and a lethal outcome, as well as with decreased quality of life. The underlying cause of the disease is imbalance between blood supply of ischaemized tissues and their metabolic demands. Restoration of adequate perfusion with the help of standard medicamentous therapy or operative treatment is often inefficient or impossible. Cell therapy (CT) is a novel strategy making it possible to stimulate the growth of the microvascular bed and the mechanisms of molecular-cellular repair. One of the most promising trends is the use of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). Sufficient evidence concerning safety and relative efficacy of CT has by now been accumulated. The existing differences in the results of studies are related to numerous peculiarities of both CT itself and methods of its application. The present review is dedicated to contemporary notions of the biology of BMSCs, assessment of safety of CT and the results of its application in treatment of CLLI.

it has been demonstrated in various experimental studies that radiation exposure produces a negative impact on the processes of spermatogenesis associated with the disturbances of the microcirculation processes in the testes and the development of cellular and intracellular disintegration expressed as destructive changes in the cells leading to their death.

Pterygium is one of the modern problems of ophthalmology. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of this disease has not been reliably established and, as a result, there is no universal method for its recurrence-free treatment. The literature data on various methods of pterygium surgical treatment such as 'bare sclera', conjunctival autograft, limbal stem cells transplantation techniques, amniotic membrane plasty and other methods was analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of those surgery methods were identified. With consideration of the new data on proliferative nature of the disease, the results of adjuvant treatment of pterygium using cytostatics and anti-VEGF drugs were examined. Introduction of new technologies for the treatment of pterygium in practical health care can significantly improve the effectiveness of surgeries, reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and the number of relapses of the disease.

To obtain the data on the spatial relationships between catecholamine (TH-positive) and nitroxidergic (nNOS-positive) neurons in vasomotor nuclei of the medulla in different periods of hypertension development.

to investigate the proliferative activity and distribution of pluripotent stem cells in various histological types of amelobrastoma.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common maligmancies and causes of death among men. Radical prostatectomy (RP) is optimal and recommended treatment modality for localized prostate cancer. More than half of all men undergoing surgery experience problems with erectile function and existing treatments do not provide a positive effect. Thus, there is a need for new approaches to the restoration of erectile function in patients after RP. One of these is the use of cell technologies, namely the stromal-vascular fraction and autologous platelet-rich plasma. This review examines the results of preclinical and clinical studies investigating the efficacy and safety of these treatment options in erectile dysfunction.

to investigate the possible use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) for visualization of limbal progenitor structures and epithelial changes at different stages of aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK) and to analyze genotype-phenotype correlations of corneal damage.

Nowadays autologous mesenchymal placental stromal cells (MSCs) may use to treat for various diseases both of the mother and the child. Stroma of the placenta villi is appropriated origin for cell culture isolation.

The aim of this study was to study the effect of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC) transplantation on blood biochemical parameters after liver resection in Mature and old laboratory animals. The conducted studies show the ability of old laboratory animals to respond to MMSC transplantation after liver resection by reducing the severity of hepatocyte cytolysis. A comparative analysis of the biochemical parameters of Mature and old laboratory animals after liver resection should be noted a more pronounced response of mature animals in relation to the ability of the liver to synthesize urea.