Undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma of bone and soft tissue are rare, malignant neoplasms, often presenting diagnostic challenges due to its overlapping features with other conditions such as osteomyelitis and Brodie abscess. Accurate diagnosis requires a combination of imaging studies, histopathology, and genetic testing. Delayed or misdiagnosis can impact the prognosis and treatment outcomes. We present the case of a 34-year-old female who initially presented with persistent left upper thigh pain. Initial imaging raised suspicion of chronic osteomyelitis, with subsequent MRIs showing abnormal bone marrow edema and a lytic lesion in the left femoral diaphysis. Despite undergoing multiple biopsies, results remained inconclusive, with differential diagnoses including Brodie's abscess. The patient experienced temporary improvement, but her symptoms recurred, prompting further investigations. A repeat MRI showed the progression of intramedullary lesions and the appearance of new focal lesions. A biopsy eventually confirmed the presence of a malignant round cell tumor, identified as Ewing sarcoma through immunohistochemical evaluation and detection of EWSR1 gene rearrangement on FISH analysis and further NGS confirming EWSR1-NFATC2 fusion, diagnostic of the rare entity - round cell sarcoma with EWSR1-NFATC2 fusion. This case highlights the diagnostic complexities of round cell sarcoma of bone, which can mimic other benign bone lesions. It underscores the importance of multidisciplinary evaluation, genetic testing, and timely oncological intervention to improve patient outcomes.

The implementation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening over the past decade has led to a significant increase in the number of primary prostate biopsies, thereby imposing a growing workload on pathology departments. Globally, considerable efforts are being directed towards developing artificial intelligence (AI) models capable of assisting pathologists in the morphological diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa).

Various benign processes in the endometrium are the cause of vascular changes. Endometrial cancer is also accompanied by changes in the density of microvessels. The detection of vascularization of the hyperplastic endometrium without signs of atypia, expressed significantly more than described in the literature, served as the basis for this work.

Current data of the prognosis of signet ring cell gastric carcinoma (SRC) are contradictory, and our knowledge of other subtypes of poorly cohesive carcinoma is poor.

Dysplastic nevus is one of the most common tumors in the practice of a dermatologist and pathologist. However, despite this and the presence of a large number of published studies, since the late 1970s and to this day, the diagnosis and treatment of dysplastic nevi have been controversial.

Neuroblastoma is a disease characterized by clinical, histological and genetic heterogeneity. The morphological type, immunohistochemical expression of proteins (MYCN, MYC) and molecular genetic characteristics of the tumor (the status of the MYCN gene and chromosomal regions 1p and 11q) are key to predicting the course of the disease and choosing therapy.

Complexity of neurosurgery for intracerebral frontal lobe tumors is determined by adjacent cortical and subcortical functional zones and white matter fibers connecting these areas and responsible for various neurocognitive functions. When removing frontal lobe gliomas in dominant hemisphere, neurosurgeons are forced to interact with speech functional system. Recent studies have shown that neuroanatomical basis of speech is more complex, multicomponent and integrated system than previously thought. Postulates of classical model of speech analyzer organization do not coincide with results of modern researches in speech physiology and pathophysiology. According to modern neuroscience, cognitive functions of the brain are realized by distributed groups of connected and synchronized networks of neurons rather separate neural centers as previously assumed. To understand such a complex cognitive system as speech, it is necessary to recognize not only elementary components of this system, but also their interaction and appropriate new properties. This review systematizes modern ideas about organization of speech functional system from the perspective of neurosurgery for glial frontal lobe tumors.

Arachnoid cysts are predominantly congenital pathologies associated with cleft of arachnoid membrane of spinal cord or brain. Arachnoid cysts present with cerebral, hypertensive-hydrocephalic and focal symptoms. Localization of intracranial arachnoid cysts can vary. Only 12% of symptomatic arachnoid cysts are localized in posterior cranial fossa.

Surgical treatment of skull base and craniovertebral junction chordomas remains a challenging task in modern neurosurgery. Currently, various anterior and posterior approaches are used to remove such lesions.

There are some unresolved issues in surgery for gliomas of Broca's area (optimal intraoperative testing, cortical mapping, and stimulation parameters).

Positive effect of resection quality on recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with glioblastoma has been shown in several studies. Fluorescence navigation is one of the methods increasing extent of resection. However, possible causes of incomplete resection may be misinterpretation of fading fluorescence or missed fluorescent tumor tissue due to lack of direct visibility between tumor tissue and microscope.

Surgical treatment of large epidermoid cysts located of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) with supra- and infratentorial extension poses significant challenges due to complex anatomy and potential neurovascular involvement. Standard approaches may require extensive bone resection with considerable risks.

Acral melanoma is a rare form of skin melanoma. Subungual melanoma is the most common variant with poor prognosis and difficult diagnosis at the early stages. Surgical treatment of subungual melanoma remains a matter of debate. Standard surgical options include amputation or disarticulation of phalanges proximal to tumor growth. At the same time, some reports show the advantage of function-sparing surgery for melanoma in situ without impairment of surgical quality. We present function-sparing surgery for subungual melanoma in situ.

This article presents a clinical case of robot-assisted gastrectomy with D2-lymphodissection in a patient with persternal squamous cell gastric cancer performed using the new Versius surgical system (CMR Surgical). The technical aspects of the operation are described, including the steps of gastric mobilisation, lymphodissection and formation of a Roux esophagoenteroanastomosis. The total intervention time was 5 hours and 20 minutes, blood loss was 350 ml. The postoperative period was without complications, the patient was discharged on the 11th day. The advantages of the Versius system, such as modularity, improved ergonomics, 3D-visualisation and lower cost of consumables compared to analogues, are discussed. Its disadvantages, including limited availability of energy instruments, are highlighted, offset by the ability to be combined with conventional laparoscopy. The results confirm the safety and efficacy of the Versius system. It is concluded that its application in surgery of the cardioesophageal junction and stomach is promising.

To compare perioperative results of optimized laparoscopic and robotic TME for middle and low rectal cancer.

Human cytomegalovirus infection can induce tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic agents through modulation of apoptotic pathways. In the search for alternative approaches to overcome virus-associated drug resistance, the application of nanomaterials (aqueous fullerene dC60) represents a promising strategy. The potential to overcome human cytomegalovirus mediated chemoresistance opens new avenues for developing combined therapeutic approaches in oncology. Aim - to evaluate the impact of human cytomegalovirus infection on the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma and promyelocytic leukemia cells to doxorubicin, as well as the potential of aqueous fullerene dC60 to restore chemosensitivity in monocytic leukemia cells.

The article describes a non-standard surgical approach to the treatment of a tumor with a predominant lesion of the membranous wall of the trachea. The method of circular resection with wide excision of the membranous wall of the trachea and replacement of tissue deficiency with an autopericardial flap is used. This approach, in comparison with the standard technique, allowed to significantly reduce the tension of the anastomosis sutures, ensured a smooth postoperative period and relapse-free survival for more than 7 years in the context of combined treatment of adenoid cystic tracheal cancer.

Congenital epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by blistering and erosions of the skin and mucous membranes. The dystrophic form of EB is particularly associated with severe complications including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and gastrointestinal tract involvement (esophageal strictures, malabsorption). These conditions frequently lead to protein-energy malnutrition, significantly worsening patient prognosis and quality of life. The purpose of the study was to present a clinical case of nutritional support implementation in a patient with dystrophic EB complicated by cSCC.

To investigate the presence of statistically significant correlations between clinical and laboratory characteristics and features of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images, as well as to assess the possibility of predicting group classification according to the PASS scale based on clinical, laboratory, and contrast-enhanced CT imaging data.

Desmoid tumor is a rare locally progressive tumor represented by fibroblasts. Unlike other malignancies, desmoids do not metastasize. However, they can cause serious problems due to local spread. These neoplasms can have different localization, but are most often diagnosed in anterior abdominal wall. Desmoids can pose specific clinical challenges for surgeons and patients. This disease is extremely rare. Thus, there are few randomized studies devoted to effectiveness of each treatment method. This circumstance necessitates further research in these patients to assess the effectiveness of treatment. The authors describe a patient with large desmoid fibroma of anterior abdominal wall. This clinical case represents a unique opportunity to analyze the features of diagnosis and treatment of desmoid tumor. This material will be especially useful for abdominal surgeons, oncologists and morphologists.