Leukemia is a heterogeneous group of malignant blood diseases, it could be characterized by the expansion of immature blast cells. It's still stay unknown the point molecular mechanism of leukemogenesis. It has been previously found that leukemia patients frequently have the mutations in genes responsible for normal proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. At present, scientific groups worldwide engaged in biomedical studies of structural and functional aspects of leukemic oncogenes and their role in human and beast leukemogenesis. In this review we describe the most recent conceptions of molecular properties of oncogenes activation of which may lead to the development of CBF-AML, in case of mutation in core-binding factors AML1 (CBFalpha) or CBFbeta.

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the morpho-physiology of the red bone marrow of the lake frog (Rana ridibunda, Pall., 1771) and the nimble lizard (Lacerta agilis, Linnaeus, 1758) and also to detect the peculiar features of the generations of formed cellular elements in these animals. The research was conducted on sexually mature female frogs and lizards (30 animals of each species).The bone marrow of the investigated animals was taken for the analysis from the tubular limb bones and studied using physiological (hematological) and histological methods. The basic features of localization and structure of hemopoietic tissue were identified. For both groups of animals, blood cells of all types were formed in the red bone marrow, and, in both frogs and lizards, the greatest part of the forming cells belonged to erythrocytes. The second place quantitatively was occupied by the granulocytopoietic cells, and the third one--by agranulocytopoietic cells. Thrombocytopoietic cells were found in the least quantities, but their percentages were slightly different in the two species studied.

A novel approach to the establishment of genetically modified human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines has been developed, and it has been shown that mutant hESC may be derived from affected embryos after preimplantation genetic diagnosis screening for a particular single gene disorder. Here we provide the description of embryo and cell manipulation procedures, diagnostic lay out, analysis of the efficiency of embryo development and hESC establishment, as well as developments for hESC derivation in animal free conditions. The high efficiency of the approach (50%) is especially crucial in the work with rare and unique resources, such as genetically screened embryos necessary for the derivation of hESC lines representative of specific genetic diseases.

It has been shown that the isolation of sea urchin blastomeres before "pos-division adhesion" leads mainly to the formation of similar blastomeres at the stage of the 4th cleavage division, whereas after adhesion it results in the formation of micromeres simultaneously with intact embryos. Similar results were obtained in five sea urchin species. It has been concluded that there exists a critical point in the cleavage process, when blastomeres exchange information that determines further pattern of cleavage. It has been shown on this "micromere model" that serotonin and its analogues influence the cleavage pattern of half embryos. These data served as a basis for the hypothesis of "protosynapse", a double-sided symmetric structure in which both blastomeres are not only source and a target of the signal but also a passive obstacle for the leakage of the signal substance from the interblastomere cleft to the milieu. Such a structure is also able to provide the primary asymmetry of blastomeres. The micromere model may be useful in specific pharmacological screening.

The results of pioneering studies on the development of radically new noninvasive methods for the transplantation of mammalian somatic cell nuclei with the use of optical laser manipulations are presented, and their comparison with traditional invasive methods is performed. It is shown that all the key steps, including the enucleation of a recipient cell, the transfer of a somatic cell (karyoplast), its bringing close together with the recipient cytoplast, and the fusion of the cytoplast with the somatic cell, can be effectively conducted using the laser only with the complete replacement by laser of traditional mechanical micromanipulators and other devices, including devices for electrofusion. The results indicate the unique potentialities of laser and the prospects of its application in modern cell engineering in a wide spectrum of studies on oocytes and early mammalian embryos, in particular in technologies of therapeutic and reproductive cloning.

A perspective of using embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in clinical medicine makes karyological analysis of these cells an important issue. Using methods of classical and molecular cytogenetics chromosomal analysis, we have carried out karyological study of two mouse ES and two iPS cell lines derived de novo. We have found monosomy of X chromosome in all studied ES and iPS cell lines, thus making a modal number of chromosomes in these cell lines 39. A chromosomal instability (aneuploidy) was revealed in both studied iPS cell lines. Moreover, we have detected chromosomal rearrangements and chromosomal fragments in one of iPS cell line. Our findings underline the importance of careful cytogenetic evaluation of pluripotent cell lines, especially iPS cell lines, which should be carried out prior to any clinical use of these cells.

Mdx mice are a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by deficiency of dystrophin. Muscles of mdx mice are characterized by high levels of striated muscle fibers death and, accordingly, by a high level of its regeneration. Moreover, the structure of neuromuscular junctions in mdx mice is altered. Changes in the structure of mdx mice neuromuscular junctions against a background of increasing differentiation of striated muscle fibers after C57BL/6 Lin (-) bone marrow stem cells transplantation were investigated. The muscles were studied in 4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks after transplantation. We observed that the level of striated muscle fibers loss was decreased from the 4th week after transplantation of bone marrow stem cells. Accumulation of muscle fibers without centrally located nuclei began from the 8th week, and dystrophin synthesis was increased at the 16th and 24th weeks after bone marrow stem cells transplantation. Longitudinal sections of quadriceps muscles of mdx mice showed decrease in the number of acetylcholine receptors clusters in neuromuscular junctions and a simultaneous increase in acetylcholine receptor clusters area during the 4th week after transplantation. In 16 weeks after bone marrow stem cells transplantation, total neuromuscular junction area was increased due to increase in the area of acetylcholine receptors clusters and to increase in their number as well. Thus, single intramuscular transplantation of C57BL/6 Lin (-) bone marrow stem cells induces an increase in differentiation of mdx mice striated muscle fibers and improves the structure of neuromuscular junctions.

The evolution of aging phenomenon in Metazoa was from the very beginning developing from potentially immortal forms to those more prone to aging. Potential immortality is an ancestral feature gradually lost in the course of evolution; at the same time aging and death resulting from aging are not obligatory but highly desirable property of existence of Metazoa with gamogenesis; this is a prerequisite of evolutionary progress as it facilitates species formation processes accelerating phylogenetic groups radiation and thus gives certain outlying evolutionary advantages, namely, accelerating the evolutionary process and the speed of substitution of one species by others. The main principle of aging phenomenon evolution is as follows: it's the substitution of internal factors of death of nonaging Metazoa with external ones programmed in genome. Aging mechanisms add up to limitation of repairing and regeneration capabilities of adult phenotype and/or by extermination of the whole pool of stem cells or its part only. Aging is a holistic process and it can't be drawn down to one of the known cellular processes which in their turn can't be the initial trigger of this process that is programmed in the genome in a vague form (there is no aging program as it is): if at some stage of ontogenesis the reparation mechanism disablement is genetically programmed then this is really the aging phenomenon programming. Mainly full or partial postmitotic design of an organism is programmed, and it is in its turn a factor securing the "harmfulness" of cellular mechanisms, decreasing the physiological potential of an organism with age. By this it increases the chances of mortality among Metazoa species. On the whole the presented material points to the fact that to develop a common aging theory of Metazoa we don't have to substantially replenish the database of biological science, but we need a new understanding of known facts, which determine the initial cognitive position.

Changes of expression of contractile proteins (alpha-actin and myosin of smooth muscle cell) and of collagen of IV type in stroma of human placental villi were studied at the diagnosed placental insufficiency (PI) in III trimester of pregnancy. The study revealed pronounced disturbances of expression of contractile proteins and collagen of IV type at PI. It is shown that in perivascular envelopes of vessels of stem and intermediate villi there is present a much greater amount of cells expressing smooth muscle actin and myosin. These cells are arranged by the denser concentric layers and more compactly than in norm and fill the intervascular space inside the villi. The width of perivascular envelopes of vessels is higher, while vascular lumens are lower than in norm. In terminal villi the capillary walls are thickened and the number of pericytes immunopositive against the smooth muscle cell alpha-actin and myosin as well as collagen of IV type is increased. The change of synthesis of the cytoskeletal contractile proteins and collagen of IV type is shown to lead to structural disturbances of villi of different types and of perivascular areas and vessels, which doubtlessly indicates their participation in pathogenesis of placental dysfunction and of disturbance of placental hemodynamics.

Morphofunctional state and differential potential of cultured osteoblasts and osteogenic precursor's cells under real and simulated microgravity are in the focus of presented review. Summary of data of osteoblast cell responses to altered microgravitational circumstances are discussed. Mesenchymal stromal cells are the population of multipotential precursors of adult bone marrow stroma able to differentiate into osteogenic. Adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages. Recent studies have demonstrated that multipotential mesenchymal stromal cells can be the real candidates to gravity-responding cell type and can be involved into space flight-induced osteopenia. These findings determine the necessity of more detailed study of its biology in vitro and in vivo.

On 8 rabbits with experimentally produced critical defects of calvarium plastics of the defects was performed by bioengineering constructions based upon porous polytetrafluoroethylene with multifunctional nanostructured non-resorbable cover Ti-C-Ca-P-O-N and autogenic stromal cells from adipose tissue (the main group -4 rabbits). In the reference group (4 rabbits) the defects were repaired by abiologic implants. At the terms of 3 and 6 months in the main group under implants the formation of the full value bone regenerate was seen in the region of calvarium defects. In the reference group in the bone defects the regenerate from rough fibrose connective tissue was formed.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), alongside with "traditional" osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation potentials, are considered by many researches as capable of giving rise to neurogenic lineage as well. We overview transgenic approaches to the study of neurogenic differentiation of MSC, including expression of neurotrophic factors, signalling molecules and other transgenes with neurogenic properties.

Hindlimb unloading produces atrophy and suppresses proliferative processes in postural muscles. Muscle stretch applied simultaneously with hindlimb suspension is known to prevent soleus muscle atrophy. In the rat experiments, we assessed the number of M-cadherin (satellite cell marker molecule)-labeled cells per one myofiber cross-section. After 2-week hindlimb suspension the number of labeled cells decreases by 33% as compared to the control group. The amount of labeled cells was 2.5-fold greater in passive stretch group in comparison with the hindlimb suspended animals and 1.7-fold greater as compared to the control group. We suppose that that proliferation of satellite cells with subsequent incorporation of their nuclei in myofiber is sufficient for increasing the protein synthesis. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) is involved in regulation of protein turnover and exerts potent mitogenic and differentiating effects. We investigated the level of IGF-I expression in soleus muscle tissue after 14 day hindlimb suspension with stretch and observed no changes as compared to the control or 14 day hindlimb suspended group. We conclude that the muscle IGF-I and satellite cells incorporation do not make essential contribution to passive stretch preventive action under the conditions of simulated weightlessness.

The aim of the study was to develop economically motivated decision to use MSSK therapy in patients with colitis (UC). In accordance with the intended purpose it was necessary to determine the effect of MSSK transplantation on clinical and morphological characteristics of the UC, and evaluate the safety and cost-effectiveness of this therapy for the patient.

The first results of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow transplantation to patients with ulcerative colitis demonstrated improved clinical course. We found an increasing in the duration of remission in patients with chronic recurrent and continuous recurrent course of ulcerative colitis. Also it was noted reducing the risk of relapse, and reducing the frequency of hospital admissions compared with medication therapy with only 5 aminosalicylic acid and glucocorticosteroid.

Reconstructive surgery often collides with complicated task of defect recovery in the situation of deficit of maxillofacial skeleton tissues, that leads to necessary search of accessible cells source with osteogenic potentials and proper substrate for cell transplantation. In the study the regeneratory potential of stromal cells of adipose tissue was tested in the rabbit model of mandible through angle defect. Cells of allogenic and autologic nature stimulated reparative osteogenesis but their influence upon bone matrix maturation was different. When the construction with allogenic cells was transplanted reaction of its rejection was not detected on histological level.

In experiment on 12 Chinchilla rabbits dynamics of reparative regeneration was studied at the terms 2 and 4 months. Bone defect in mandible corner was closed by osteoplastic material Gapkol which was covered from inside by allogenic or autologic stem cells received from rabbit adipose tissue. The results of the ray tracing methods of study were verified by SEM and histological methods.

Effect of the antiserotonin drug cyproheptadine on the erythropoiesis has been studied under conditions of the administration of cytostatics (fluoropyrimidine antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), alkylating agent cyclophosphane) with different mechanisms of action. It is established that the antiserotonin drug significantly accelerates regeneration of the erythroid hemopoietic branch, especially in the case of 5-FU. The depression of erythron under the conditions of cyclophosphane injections was retained. The erythropoiesis-stimulating effect of cyproheptadine is based on the restoration of the structural and functional organization of the bone marrow (formation of erythroid hemopoietic islets).

Preparation containing ultralow doses of antibodies to stem cell factor considerably activates bone marrow myelopoiesis suppressed by cyclophosphamide. This effect of the preparation is based on stimulation of proliferation of committed hemopoietic precursors and increase in functional activity of adherent elements of hemopoiesis-inducing microenvironment.

On the model of skin flap we studied the possibility of stimulating the processes of wound healing with a preparation containing ultralow doses of antibodies to granulocytic colony-stimulating factor. The preparation accelerated tissue regeneration against the background of mobilization of bone marrow mesenchymal precursor cells into circulation accompanied by an increase in the number of stromal precursor cells in the area of lesion.