Clinical study of intracoronary transplantation of allogenic multipotent bone marrow stromal cells was carried out in patients with severe chronic cardiac failure against the background of dilatated cardiomyopathy. The results indicate that intracoronary injection of allogenic multipotent stromal precursors is a safe procedure. No complications and side effects directly or indirectly related to cell transplantation were recorded during the immediate and delayed postoperative periods. The positive effect of cell transplantation developed from week 1 after transplantation and persisted for 6 months. It manifested in reduction of the level of brain natriuretic peptide and improvement of patient's functional status and quality of life. No appreciable changes in the main echocardiographic values were noted. Transplantation of allogenic multipotent stromal cells is effective as a component of combined therapy for chronic cardiac failure at the stage of preparation to surgery as a "bridge to surgical treatment".

A method for isolation of homogenous culture of cells expressing CD146 marker from adipose tissue lipoaspirate was developed. The resultant clonogenic cultures retained high proliferative activity, immunophenotype, and morphology after numerous passages. The presence of insulin in the medium served as the selective factor for maintenance of the population phenotype. These cultures effectively differentiate into CD31(+)endothelial cells and can be used in regenerative medicine.

The modern concept of development of autoimmune diabetes mellitus is considered. The authors discuss possibilities to correct immune disturbances and support?--cells regeneration by therapy with the use of donor pancreatic cells, bone marrow cells (hemopoietic and stromal) and umbilical cord blood cells.

Amniotic fluid (AF) contains a heterogeneous population of cells of fetal origin in which stem cells are present. These cells are characterized by their expression of mesenchymal (CD73, CD90, CD105) and neural (Nestin, @[beta]3-tubulin, NEFH) markers, and also some pluripotent markers (Oct4, Nanog), and they are capable of differentiating into diverse derivatives in vitro. We have shown that epithelial markers are observed in AF stem cells at the same time with mesenchymal (Keratin 19, Keratin 18, and p63). During cloning, colonies of cells with fibroblastlike and epithelial-like morphologies are formed. The status and differentiation potential of stem cells from AF have been discussed.

Multipotential mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) are the subject of increasing scientific interest due to their key role in physiological renewal and repair. Allogeneic MMSCs interaction with other components of tissue environment, in particular with immune cells, represent one of the most intriguing question of modern cell physiology. MMSCs possess pronounced immunomodulatory capabilities based on their "immmunopriveledge" properties and the ability to suppress immune response. This review is highlighted the current state of art in the field of MMSCs immunomodulatory effects realization and mechanisms. MMSCs and immune cells interaction represents complex multidirectional process governed by both direct cell-to-cell interactions and soluble factors (interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, prostaglandin E2, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukins ets.). The importance of physical environmental factors, primarily oxygen tension, on peculiarities of MMSCs and immune cells interaction is discussed.

Diversity of blastogenesis and embryogenesis in animals with different reproductive strategy and different variants of the isolation of germ lineage cells, defined in the literature as preformation, epigenesis, and somatic embryogenesis, is discussed. In the course of somatic embryogenesis (or, more precisely, blastogenesis), the oozooid that has developed from the egg is naturally cloned and forms numerous genetically and morphologically identical clonal individuals or modular units of a colony. This cloning results in amplification of the parent genotype; the subsequent sexual reproduction provides for genetic recombination, and the emergence of a huge number of larvae with dispersal function provides for reproductive success. In invertebrates that reproduce asexually, no isolation of the germ cell lineage takes place; the population of stem cell capable of realizing the complete developmental program, which includes gametogenesis and blastogenesis, is represented by a diaspora of cells dispersed in the organism and possessing evolutionarily conservative features of morphofunctional organization typical to cells of the germ lineage. The plasticity of early animal embryogenesis is revealed in experiments with embryonic cells cultivated in vitro. Asexual reproduction emerged repeatedly in the course of metazoan evolution; blastogenesis in animals of different taxa is more variable and less conservative than embryogenesis, but the installation of blastogenesis into the process of early embryogenesis undermines the conservatism of embryonic development.

The model of embryonic stem cells from R1 mice at the stage of embryoid bodies was used to study effects of slow clinostatting on neuronal differentiation with the help of two markers--beta-III tubulin (early differentiation) and MAP2 (late differentiation). As compared with the control, the number of beta-III tubulin-positive neurons was found increased and of MAP2-positive neurons--decreased. As regards MAP2- positive neurons, it is concluded that the gravity factors have a specific effect on EB. The beta-III tubulin staining makes possible determination of the total number of neuronal cells at different stages of development. The observed increase in the number of beta-III tubulin-positive neurons may evidence a nonspecific mechanic effect of clinostatting at the EB stage. It was shown that EB cells are particularly sensitive to clinostatting.

The influence of Earth magnetic field shielded down to 0.3 microT and static magnetic field (60-160 microT) on the proliferation and differentiation of satellite muscle cells in the primary culture has been investigated. A stimulatory effect of static magnetic fields on the rate of the formation of massive multinucleated myotubes and an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) have been detected for magnetic fields of the microtesla range. On the other hand, it was shown that the reduction of earth magnetic fields to 0.3 microT leads to the inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in the primary culture. Since the formation of contractile myotubes during in vitro experiments is similar to the regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers under muscle damage in vivo, it may be concluded that weak magnetic fields have a strong effect on intracellular processes by influencing all phases of muscle fiber formation. It is necessary to take this fact into consideration when forecasting probable complications of skeletal muscle regeneration during long-term exposure of man to low-intensity magnetic fields and also for the potential use of low static magnetic fields as a tool to recover the affected myogenesis.

Cellular population with characteristics of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) was isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue frozen without any cryoprotectant at -70 degrees C. Under critical for the adipose tissue condition, the cells retained their viability in vitro and ability of adhesion to plastic. Cellular population was homogeneous and represented by small cells (d - 7 microm) with fibroblast-like morphology. Cells were positively stained with Abs for the Abs: CD29, CD44, CD49a, b, d, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, HLA ABC. Cells were negative for CD34, CD45--markers of hematopoietic cells, CD31--marker of endothelial cells, Stro-1, as well as for HLA DR, DP, DQ (flow cytometer analysis). Being induced to differentiate in vitro, the cells were able to differentiate into cells similar to cells of bone, adipose and cartilage tissue. Karyological assay of the cells isolated from human adipose tissue subjected to cold shock revealed diploid set of chromosomes, 46, XX, without aneuploidy and structural reconstructions of chromosomes. Thus, it has been established that, under extreme condition for the organism, the population of cells with a phenotype similar to miltipotent mesenchymal stromal cells is preserved in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) are MSC-like cells which could be easily used for regenerative medicine. Here, the morphology and proliferative capacity of human ADSCs is discribed. ADSCs were analyzed after one month of cultivation at a density of 10 cells/cm2. 21 colonies were counted. Few atypical cells (huge nuclei and cytoplasm) were found in 9 out of 17 colonies analyzed. ANOVA demonstrated that colonies also differed (P = 0.0025) in nuclei dimensions and scatter in the dimensions in each colony. Nuclei dimensions and cell density logarithms correlated in reverse proportion (-0.7; P = 0.002). Thus, ADSCs were heterogeneous and represented two types of cells: small highly proliferative and large low proliferative cells. Cell heterogeneity observed in some colonies might be due to cells registered at different cell cycle phases. Stable and typical morphology, colony-formation capability and high proliferative capacity of cells indicate visceral adipose tissue as a rich source of ADSCs.

Specific features of Ca2+ -signaling in proliferating and differentiated C2C12 myoblasts have been studied. It was shown that the system of Ca2+ -signaling is reduced in proliferating myoblasts: the intracellular ATP-regulated stock is insignificant, the buffer protein is absent or present in minimum quantities in endoplasmic reticulum, and the entry of Ca2+ is not registered when its endocellular stocks are exhausted. The formation of the Ca -signaling system occurs during the initial stages of differentiation (within eight to ten hours after transfer of cell to differentiation medium). During this period, the buffer protein is accumulated, and the entry of Ca begins. During the initial stages of myoblast differentiation, the voltage-dependent entry of Ca2+ also appears. It was also shown that the stock of in mitochondria makes an insignificant contribution to increase in Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm.

The purpose of research was the experimental estimation of efficiency of consecutive application of a radioprotector B-190 and means of emergency therapy of radiating injury interleukin-1beta at acute irradiation. An estimation of treatment-and-prophylactic action of the given circuit of introduction of preparations carried out by studying 30 day-survival and average life expectancy of the lost animals, research of bone marrow hemopoiesis. It is established, that consecutive application of a radioprotector B-190 in a doze of 50 mg/kg for 15 mines up to an irradiation and interleukin-1beta in a doze of 50 mkg/kg through 15 mines after irradiating increases survival and prevents decrease in quantity of CFU-S9 at the irradiated mice in the greater degree, than their isolated introduction.

Complex histological analysis of vaginal wall muscular tissues was carried out in several species of laboratory animals (mature rats, cats, dogs) and humans. The muscular tunic of vaginal wall was found to be represented by two types of tissue: striated and smooth muscle. Striated muscular tissue of vagina has specific features and consists of two cellular differons: myosymplasts and satellite cells. The smooth muscular tissue is formed by a single cellular differon, in which undifferentiated, differentiating and differentiated cells could be distinguished. Phenotypically, within vaginal smooth muscular tissue, contractile and contractile-secretory smooth myocytes were demonstrated.

They were bothered by the fact that biological science, which was focusing on individual parts of the living systems in the hope that their knowledge should help understand the organization and principles of the living systems' existence, would be at a deadlock sooner or later. The development of fundamental molecular sciences proves them to be actually in a crisis. I would like to show, in this review, that the elevated expectations of a radical revolution in the field of fundamental biological sciences and in applied spheres, particularly, in practical medicine, which are due to the progress of high-effective technologies of the cell's molecular organization, especially the technologies designed for the sequencing of entire genomes, do not prove valid. These technologies cause the accumulation of vast amounts of information with no functional interpretation done. It starts to be comprehensible now that we advance at a painfully slow step to some successive stage on the path towards the answer to the essential question of biology -- What is Life? Moreover, understanding forms that we are advancing, equally slowly and painfully, along the path of progress in the field of medicine, especially so when it concerns the widely spread diseases, which are complex diseases. On this path, we often find ourselves at impasses with no way out, and although we witness the birth of a new biology -- the system biology, a synthetic one, constituting a unique alloy of many sciences, it is far from being definite that this new biology wouldalso answer this principal fundamental question and push forward the medical applications of genomics. Nonetheless, the accumulated information is very helpful and can be used for the elaboration of fundamental vetoes of biology [1] which will allow a considerable portion of the efforts in the practical, namely medical, area to be rejected as unrealizable, in the same way as the second principle of thermodynamics puts a ban on the creation of the perpetuum mobile. I am also trying to postulate that in the area of practice one should possibly think about the approaches directed to the eradication or substitution of ill cells or a damaged system's tissues, and not about the reductionistic approaches aimed at repairing the diseased organism's individual molecular components. I tried to demonstrate this statement using the example of cancer genetic surgerys. Employment of stem cells, including those modified by gene engineering, provides another instance of a holistic approach.

To characterize a superficial phenotype and to make a cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from donors.

To analyze the results of allogeneic and autologous hemopoietic cell transplantations (allo- and auto-HCT) in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from an intermediate risk group, most of which were performed using lower-intensity conditioning modes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. The study enrolled 36 children from an intermediate risk group, who had undergone auto-HCT (n = 22) or allo-HCT (n = 14) in December 1994 to December 2008. The patients' age was 0.7 to 16.6 years (median 12.8 years). Chemotherapeutic conditioning regimens were applied to all the patients. Melphalan was a basic myeloablative agent in 83.3% of cases.

To analyze the specific features of recurrences of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in children after standard therapy with daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and to develop further programmed treatment policy.

A new concept of malignant tumor growth is presented. In consists in the fact that the tumor cells in the body occur in specific immune tolerance. As s result, they form around the center of regeneration, which consists of activated towards the regeneration cells of the immune system, which support the formation and growth of the tumor. In the early stages of differentiation, precancerous cells are not able to attract immune cells and form the focus of regeneration, so the majority of them die. At the outbreak of chronic inflammation, which contains a high percentage of regeneration of activated immune cells, the conditions exists for the formation of a focus of regeneration and, hence, growth and activation of precancerous cells and their transformation into high-grade malignant cells. This concept defines new approaches to treatment. For effective cancer therapy is necessary to neutralize the regenerator chamber in the tumor tissue. The effectiveness of the regeneration of damaged human tissues can be achieved through regenerator chamber similar to that created in the malignant tissue, and the introduction of a stem cell.