The study investigated the association of the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism gene with the risk for uveal melanoma (UM). Genotyping was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. All the tumors under study were histologically verified. The patients with UM were found to have a high frequency of predisposing alleles and genotypes of this polymorphism in the patients with UM. The CC genotype of the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism was shown to be associated with the increased risk of UM (OR = 8.5; p = 7.10(-6)). A significant correlation was first found between the frequency of the CC genotype of the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism and the height of a tumor and degree of its pigmentation (p = 0.0391 and p = 0.0381, respectively, Fisher's test). A marginal association was first shown between the CC genotype of the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism and the vascular state and histological type.

The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical significance of mutations in BRCA1/2 in the formation of response to neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer (OC). All patients who had had neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) in our Institute from January 2000 till January 2013 were tested for carrier of mutations in BRCA1/2. In accordance with the BRCA-status we formed two groups--a group with hereditary advanced OC and a group with non-hereditary advanced OC. In the formed groups there was studied the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Patients carriers of mutations in BRCA1/2 showed a complete clinical response in 34% of cases, compared to 4% in the non-hereditary OC. Analysis of the results of cytoreductive surgery showed that in the group of hereditary cancer it was significantly higher the percentage of performing optimal cytoreductive operations (71% vs 48%). We analyzed the cases of complete pathologic response in all patients NCT and found that full pathomorphosis significantly associated with BRCA-status and the type of ongoing chemotherapy. It was important to note that all carriers of mutations in BRCA1/2 responded to cisplatin chemotherapy.

A 5-year survival of patients with Stage III colon cancer with prophylactic panhysterectomy in anamnesis was 83.3%, significantly higher than that of patients with Stage III colon cancer without panhysterectomy (69.3%) and than in colon cancer patients with metachronous ovarian metastases (42%). In families of patients with primary multiple malignant tumors (PMMT) of colon, endometrium and/or ovaries as well as in cases of accumulation in the same family of solitary tumors of the above locations it is necessary to carry out genetic testing to identify mutations in genes MSH2, MLH1, MSH6. Carriers of mutations in genes of mismatch repair MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 should be assumed to the high-risk group for the development of malignancies both PMMT of colon and organs of the female reproductive system and solitary tumors of the above locations. All women suffering from colon cancer, especially in the presence of mutations in genes of mismatch repair, in pre- and menopause should be undergone simultaneous prophylactic surgery: panhysterectomy. The question about the greater omentum should be decided situationally.

Simultaneously with keeping one of the leading positions in the structure of oncogynecological morbidity, endometrial cancer (EC) presents for many decades 'the food for brains' of cancer endocrinologists. Step by step development of contemporary ideas and collecting the data on mechanisms of hormonal carcinogenesis, the role of excessive estrogenic stimulation and metabolic syndrome/insulin resistance as risk factors for EC, very probable gradual changing of the disease phenotype and significance of genetic damages (with PTEN-mutations as one of the examples), as a consequence point at potential perspectives in the usage of preventive and therapeutic approaches in this important area.

Glioblastomas in children and adults are a heterogeneous group of tumors that can be divided into at least three different subgroups: pediatric glioblastomas, IDH1-mutant glioblastomas in adults (the most favorable prognostic subtype), and IDH1-wild type glioblastomas in adults. According to the frequency of detected cytogenetic aberrations (amplification of the MYC/MYCN, EGFR and PDGRFA oncogenes, homozygous deletion of the CDKN2A gene, and deletion of the PTEN gene), pediatric glioblastomas bear analogy to the subgroup of IDH1-mutant glioblastomas in adults.

The anthors studied the morphological features of uterine adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemical methods. The endometrial tissue was studed resulting from surgery - hysterectomy with oophorectomy in 103 patients aged 45-76 years with a clinical diagnosis of endometrial cancer. To exclude false-positive and false-negative results, we carry out same investigation on 12 patients with morphological diagnosis easy-glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium. The results showed that the endometrioid adenocarcinomas exhibit the high and moderate expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and low rate of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For serous-paapillary andenocarcionoma of the uterine body the negative ER-PR-receptor over expression phenotype and proliferation marker Ki-67 superexpression are characteristic. The results showed that in a simple-glandular endometrial hyperplasia is determined a moderate expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, as for the Ki-67 proliferation marker an expression was found only in the single arears with an average of 5-8% of findings. Based at shis study it may be concluded thate the use of immunohistochemical studies particularly a detection of negative estrogen and progesterone resceptor phenotype and high expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 is an additional defferential diagnostic eriterion for the diagnosis of serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the uterine body thet will ensure adepuate therapeutis approach to patients suffering from this disorder. Given he fact that serous papillary carcinoma of the endometrium is the most common neoplesm of the rarer forms of endometrial cancer with an extremely peculiar aggressive coures a ssurgical treatment as in overian cancer is recommended for this parthology, including a hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy, lymphadenectomy, omentektomy, cytological examination of the abdomend and biopsy of suspicious areas of the abdominal cavity, with adjuvant treatment including chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors on serous-papilary adenocarcinoma of the uterine body justifies the inadvisability of hormone therapy in these patients. Since the patients with serous-papillary adenocarcinoma of the uterine body need a larger voluve surgical treatment the patients with еndometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine body. We consider that this morphological type of uterine cancer should be diagnosed preoperatively.

The main goal of this work was to study the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for the development of hormone resistance and maintaining the autonomous growth of breast cancer cells. In particular, the role of PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1), the key mitogenic signaling protein, in the development of cell resistance to estrogens was analyzed. In vitro studies were performed on cultured breast cancer cell lines: estrogen-dependent estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 cells and estrogen-resistant ER-negative HBL-100 cells. We found that the resistant HBL-100 cells were characterized by a higher level of PAK1 and demonstrated PAK1 involvement in the maintaining of estrogen-independent cell growth. We have also shown PAK1 ability to up-regulate Snail1, one of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition proteins, and obtained experimental evidence for Snail1 importance in the regulation of cell proliferation. In general, the results obtained in this study demonstrate involvement of PAK1 and Snail1 in the formation of estrogen-independent phenotype of breast cancer cells showing the potential role of both proteins as markers of hormone resistance of breast tumors.

High grade glioma (glioblastoma) is the most common brain tumor. Its malignancy makes it the fourth biggest cause of cancer death. In our experiments we used several glioblastoma cell lines generated in our laboratory to obtain proteomics information specific for this disease. This study starts our developing the complete 2DE map of glioblastoma proteins. 2DE separation with following imaging, immunochemistry, spot picking, and mass-spectrometry allowed us detecting and identifying more than 100 proteins. Several of them have prominent differences in their level between norm and cancer. Among them are alpha-enolase (ENOA_HUMAN), pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (KPYM_HUMAN), cofilin 1 (COF1_HUMAN), translationally-controlled tumor protein TCTP_HUMAN, annexin 1 (ANXA1_HUMAN), PCNA (PCNA_HUMAN), p53 (TP53_HUMAN) and others. Most interesting results were obtained with protein p53. In all glioblastoma cell lines, its level was dramatically up regulated and enriched by multiple additional isoforms. This distribution is well correlated with presence of these proteins inside of cells themselves. At this initial step we suggest the panel of specific brain tumor markers (signature) to help creating noninvasive techniques to diagnose disease. These preliminary data point to these proteins as promising markers of glioblastoma.

Adenocarcinoma of the colon in 10-20% is associated with microsatellite instability, which can occur both in sporadic cancers and in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Our analysis of 195 cases of adenocarcinoma of the colon showed that microsatellite instability (MSI-H) was found only in 1.5% of patients. Subsequent choice of patients with suspected hereditary Lynch syndrome led to the identification of additional 17 patients with microsatellite instability. They passed an analysis of genes of repair system of unpaired nucleotides of DNA. The study showed that immunohistochemical staining of MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, PMS2 could effectively conduct a preliminary screening of the Lynch syndrome but was unable to divide cases of sporadic and hereditary MSI-H colon cancer.

The paper presents a complete clinical, instrumental, histopathological, immunohistochemical, cytological, and molecular-genetic testing of intraocular schwannoma in a 13-year-old girl.

Imbalance between the phases of the biotransfotmation system (activation, detoxication and removal of toxic compounds) is one of the causes of multifactorial pathology developing. That is why study on the influence of the total contribution of polymorphic gene variants of xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes of all three phases on predisposition to lung cancer emergence is important. The aim of the work was to determine polymorphic variants of genes of xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes of lung cancer patients and to identify markers of predisposition to lung cancer. Association of homozygous GSTT1 gene deletion with predisposition to lung cancer was detected in residents of Belarus. Combinations of polymorphic gene loci of biotransformation enzymes exert a modifying effect on risk importance of GSTT1 genotype in lung cancer development. The combination 734AA CYP1A2/GSTT1(-)/GSTM1(+)/"slow" acetylator/3435CC MDR1 is of the highest risk importance. The combination "slow" acetylator/GSTT1(+)/ GSTM1(+) exerts a protective effect.

Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health are the important issues that have arisen as a result of anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. Safe use of man-made sources of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation in a broad range of frequencies--static, radio-frequency and microwave--is a subject of discussions and speculations. The main problem is the lack of understanding of the mechanism(s) of reception of EMFs by living organisms. In this review we have analyzed the existing literature data regarding the effects of the electromagnetic radiation on the model eukaryotic organism--yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An attempt was made to estimate the probability of induction of carcinogenesis in humans under the influence of magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation of extremely low frequency, radio frequency and microwave ranges.

To study the specific features of de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with FLT3-ITD mutation.

A decision regarding adjuvant chemotherapy in early (operable) breast cancer in the past was made entirely on the basis of clinical and pathological features. However with the growing awareness of tumor biology and the possibility of the genomic analysis to determine the molecular subtypes of breast cancer it is getting real to identify patients whose tumors are resistant to chemotherapy or vice versa benefit from its addition. Despite the fact that genomic analysis allows some patients avoiding chemotherapy (especially patients with localized breast cancer), such studies do not indicate the most appropriate chemotherapy regimens. Therefore treatment decisions should be based on a combination of biological features of the tumor, its stage and signs that characterize the patient such as age and tolerance to the side effects of therapy.

Aim of this study was to analyze the karyological indicators in exfoliated cells in patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. There was revealed statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase of all parameters in buccal and nasal epithelium in such kind of patients compared to healthy persons. These changes were systemic in nature and reflected the general state of the organism.

Tumors of the oral cavity and pharynx make up the majority of so-called tumors of the head and neck and represent a heterogeneous group of tumors of different origin. Since 90% of these tumors are squamous cell carcinomas of the mucosa, literature often refers to this position. Except squamous cell carcinomas, different types of sarcomas, lymphomas, melanomas of the mucous membranes, benign tumors, etc. and pharynx may develop there.

Immunohistochemical examination of the proliferative activity of cells was made investigating the expression of Ki-67 protein and the location of proteins associated with epithelial cell papillomavirus infection involving P16(INK4a) and HPV16 proteins in different cell areas of the intact mucosa, in leukoplakia with the signs of hyperplasia and dysplasia, and in squamous cell carcinoma. There was a positive correlation between the proliferative activity of cells in the parabasal cell areas and the expression of P16(INK4a) protein in oral leukoplakia with the signs of hyperplasia (r(s)=0.397; p=0.018). In oral leukoplakia with dysplastic changes, there was a positive correlation between the proliferation of cells in the parabasal and prickle cell layers and the location of HPV type 16 antigens (r(s)=0.515; p=0.041 and r(s)=0.651; p=0.006). Detection of papillomavirus infection in leukoplakia can solve not only the problems with its genesis, but this is also a morphological basis for the effective prevention and treatment of this common oral mucosal disease.

The investigation revealed the specific features of cell-mediated hepatocyte damage in different variants of the natural course of chronic HBV and HCV infection and in its outcomes (chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma), by determining the expression of proapoptotic (Fas, FasL) and antiapoptotic (bcl-2) factors on the surface of intralobular lymphocytes. Comparative analysis of the magnitude and pattern of cell infiltration in the liver parenchyma, the functional activity of intralobular lymphocytes showed significant differences in the above indicators in relation to the etiology and stage of the pathological process, suggesting that there were different pathogenetic mechanisms of their natural course. There was a varying potential readiness of intralobular lymphocytes for apoptosis, giving rise to different clinical manifestations in the similar morphological picture.

Genetic mutations in tumor suppressor gene PTEN are often detected in malignant human cells and these genomic changes are especially characteristic ofendometrial cancer. In our previous researches we assumed that alternative epigenetic mechanism of PTEN inactivation trough promoter methylation may exist in endometrial cancer. Moreover, PTENP1 pseudogene has recently been shown to play a role in positive regulation of PTENgene expression. Taking into account these facts, we analyzed PTEN and PTENP1 methylation status in endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. It was demonstrated that PTENgene promoter was not methylated but PTENP1 was methylated in 11 of 18 endometrial cancers and in 5 of9 endometrial hyperplasias. We can assume that PTENP1 methylation may inhibit transcription of this gene and also PTEN gene transcription trough RNA interference in accordance with ceRNA theory. Thus, aberrant suppression of PTENP1 transcription can play a role in endometrial cancer pathogenesis.

The study was organized to investigate the anomalous methylation of genes NA?1, RASSF1A, MLH1, N33, DAPK, the expression of genes hTERT. metalloproteinase MMP7, MMP9, survivin. COX-2, p53. The activity of telomerase in 106 samples of stomach tumors taken through intra-operation way and 53 samples of stomach tumors taken through endoscopic way and 50 samples of biopsy taken from patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis (comparison group) was analyzed too. These changes can be used as additional markers both in diagnostic of cancer of stomach and dynamic monitoring of operated patients.