We studied the effects of radiofrequency ablation on the results of intramyocardial transplantation of bone marrow NSC into the myocardium of rats with postinfarction cardiosclerosis. It was shown that exposure of the pathologically changed myocardium to radiofrequency radiation led to destruction of formed connective tissue. Transplantation of MSC into sites exposed to radiofrequency radiation promoted the development of regenerative processes (abundant infiltration with mononuclear cells, presence of granulation tissue, and numerous newly formed blood vessels). We concluded that preliminary radiofrequency irradiation of the myocardial areas promotes realization of the regenerative potential of cell transplantation.

We performed morphological analysis of the structure of rat hippocampus after ablation of the left sensorimotor cortex. Four experimental groups were formed: two control groups (intravenous and intracerebral injections of the culture medium) and two experimental groups (intravenous and intracerebral transplantation of MSC). Ten weeks after surgery, disturbed cytoarchitectonics and great number of dead neurons were found in all zones of the hippocampus in animals of the control groups. In animals receiving cell therapy, no pathological changes in the structure of the hippocampus were found: hyperchromatic neurons were absent and the cells had regular shape and closely adjoined to each other.

We studied gliogenesis in transplants of rat embryonic neocortex (E14-15) in 3, 7, 15, and 30 days and 12-13 months after transplantation into the sciatic nerve of adult animals. Immunogistochemical reactions to intermediate filament proteins nestin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein were used. In transplants, vimentin- and nestin-positive precursor cells differentiate into astrocytes earlier that in the developing rat neocortex (in situ). One year after transplantation, some astrocytes start to express nestin and vimentin, which attests to the development of reactive gliosis in the transplants.

The effects of neural progenitor and hemopoietic stem cells on C6 glioma cells were studied in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Considerable inhibition of proliferation during co-culturing of glioma cells with neural progenitor cells was revealed by quantitative MTT test and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation test. Labeled neural progenitor and hemopoietic stem cells implanted into the focus of experimental cerebral glioma C6 survive in the brain of experimental animals for at least 7 days, migrate with glioma cells, and accumulate in the peritumoral space. Under these conditions, neural progenitor cells differentiate with the formation of long processes. Morphometric analysis of glioma cells showed that implantation of neural progenitor and hemopoietic stem cells is accompanied by considerable inhibition of the growth of experimental glioma C6 in comparison with the control. The mechanisms of tumor-suppressive effects of neural and hemopoietic stem cells require further investigation.

The effects of pulmonary surfactant on the morphology and functioning of young macrophages were studied on the model of monocyte/macrophage differentiation in vitro and on macrophages of the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid. Surfactant is not a differentiation inductor, but it stimulated the maturation and phagocytic activity of young macrophages. The stimulatory effect of surfactant on phagocytic activity of macrophages persisted even after its removal from the culture medium.

We developed a new method of creation of tissue engineering constructs for regeneration of the bone tissue based on the principle of free distribution of cells in a fibrin clot within a scaffold. The tissue engineering construct includes multipotent stromal adipose tissue cells committed in osteogenic lineage, platelet-rich plasma, and resorbed material on the basis of xenogeneic bone collagen. The culture of bone progenitor cells was characterized by the main markers of osteoblastic differon. The material meets all requirements for materials intended for tissue engineering. An innovative high-technological tissue engineering product for clinical application is prepared.

Osmolarity of Dulbecco's medium at which the volume of two-cell mouse embryo remained similar to that of intact embryo was determined. The method is based on comparison of kinetic curves describing the volume of embryonic cell in solutions of different osmolarity. The blastomere volume was measured by quantitative laser microtomography after fixed osmotic stress intervals. It was found that Dulbecco's saline with 125 mM NaCl solution is an isotonic solution for two-cell mouse embryo. This concentration corresponds to 290 mOsm, which is lower than osmolarity (~310 mOsm) of media routinely used for culturing of differentiated cells or biological fluids, e.g. blood plasma.

Granulocytic CSF pegylated using electron-beam synthesis nanotechnology exhibits pronounced granulomonocytopoiesis-stimulating and SC-mobilizing activity. More potent stimulation of committed precursors against the background of less pronounced activation of polypotent hemopoietic cells is a peculiarity of hemostimulating action of pegylated using electron-beam synthesis nanotechnology granulocytic CSF in comparison with its non-modified analog. The mobilizing effect of pegylated using electron-beam synthesis nanotechnology granulocytic CSF on early progenitor elements surpasses that of non-conjugated cytokine.

Scientific literature about the use of MSC contains clinical and experimental data on the efficiency of cell technologies for restoration of the osteoarticular apparatus. The use of MSC immobilized in the appropriate carriers and differentiation of these cells towards the bone cells and chondrocytes are of crucial importance. However, the use of MSC, both individual and in combination with other preparations and substances has a number of drawbacks and advantages. The absence of published reports on contraindications and complications of cell therapy is worthy of note, because the analysis of unsuccessful application of MSC will help to determine the indication for this treatment, and hence, to improve the efficiency of cell technologies in the future. Wider use of MSC in clinical practice and experimental studies for acceleration of reparative processes in the bone and cartilage tissue seems to be promising.

A novel phenomenon of unusual selective acridine orange (AO) staining ofpericentromeric heterochromatin regions (HRs) in chromosomal preparations from tissue with known spontaneous mitotic activity (chorionic villi, placenta, embryonic tissues, bone marrow, and testes), as well as embryonic stem cells, is described. Staining with 0.01% AO in a citric-phosphate (pH 5.5) or sodium phosphate (pH 7.0) buffer solution allows the HRs of human chromosomes (1q12, 9q12, 13p11.2, 14p11.2, 15p11.2, 16q11.2, 21p11.2, 22p11.2, and Yq12) and pericentromeric HRs of mouse chromosomes to be reliably detected by the red fluorescence of AO. This method of AO staining does not require any pretreatment. Explanations for metachromatic AO staining of polymorphic pericentromeric HRs in chromosomes of spontaneously dividing cells are suggested. A high reproducibility of the specific AO staining makes it possible to suggest its use as a reliable quick method for detection of polymorphic HRs of human chromosomes in cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis and oncohematology.

Stem cells can be applied as the substrate of cell therapy of a variety of diseases, including those previously considered incurable. Furthermore, studying the fundamental mechanisms underlying proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells is most important to uncover the principles of growth, development, adaptation and regeneration, which could be altered in pathology. However, many steps of stem cell studies (including cell isolation, expansion and differentiation in vitro) are associated with factors of the xenogenic origin. Human stem cell exposure to the xenogenic factors over the various steps of work may complicate an interpretation of the proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics data. It is also associated with the risk of immune response and zenozoonoses development in cell transplantation recipients. In the review, key issue related to xenogenic factors in stem cell applications are discussed, as well as the possible means to lower the risks of the xenogenic origin.

Forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ)--the putative major source of neural stem cells in the brain of adult mammals--can hardly be visualized using routine histological staining. The present study was focused on the possibility of application of immunocytochemical approach for accurate delineation of the border between SVZ and striatum. It was shown that immunocytochemical reactions demonstrating tyrosine hydroxylase or synaptophysin were optimal for the determination of the border between SVZ and striatum in different mammals.

Morphological changes in decellularized allogenic trachea populated with recipient bone marrow stromal (mesenchymal) stem cells and transplanted heterotopically, were examined in 30 C57Bl/6 and Balb/c mice of 22-25 g body mass. The research results have shown the insufficient efficacy of a transplant preparation mode by freezing and thawing method as in this case inflammatory reaction developed in the transplant area and its rejection took place. It was established that the mode of obtaining decellularized tracheal transplant by means of sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) treatment, proposed by the authors, unlike a freezing-thawing mode, allowed to efficiently remove immunocompetent cells that expressed MHC I and II markers. NaClO4 effect did not result in either chondrocyte damage or significant disturbance of tracheal cartilaginous and connective tissue structure in heterotopic transplants. Since transplant population with bone marrow stromal stem cells promoted connective tissue restoration, reduced the formation of granulations in anastomosis area and favored faster transplant epithelization, most promising method of trachea preparation for transplantation apparently seems to be the combination of immune cell removal from this organ by NaClO4 treatment with subsequent bone marrow stromal stem cell population of transplant obtained.

This review highlights major achievements of the Russian oncology in the past decades, such as works of N.N. Petrov, L.A. Zilber, N.N. Blokhin, E.E. Pogosyants. Revolutionary shift in the understanding of the malignization process have become possible after decoding of human genome, as well as genome of several tumors such as breast cancer, acute myeloblastic leukemia, several brain tumors, testicular cancer and other neoplasms. The issue of stem cells being possible ancestors of tumor cells is also discussed in the review. Also the author observes main modern therapeutic approaches towards cancer treatment. It is specially highlighted that XXI century molecular biology achievements made it possible to start personal tumor treatment based on its' specific genotype.

The review describes the mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (SC) of the adult organism. The data on the orthodox and unorthodox ways of cell differentiation was summarized. We discuss various possibilities of stem cells in clinical practice. Particular attention is paid to methods of pharmacological regulation of endogenous SC. Presented their own experimental data on the efficacy of various drugs (neuropharmacological agents, cytokine drugs that alter the structure of the extracellular matrix compounds, pegylated polyethylene glycol to the biologically active compounds) on models of fibrosis and myelosuppression, influencing the function of stem cells.

The efficiency of human bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transduction with a bicistronic lentivirus vector was estimated, and the stability of transgene expression in genetically modified MSCs was determined. First-passage BM MSCs were capable of efficient transduction with the bicistronic lentivirus vector. The transduction efficiency depended on the multiplicity of infection (MOI), being 64 +/- 6.5 and 88.6 +/- 2.9% at MOI 10 and 20, respectively. The lentivirus transduction efficiency proved independent on the number of passages of a BM MSC culture, and expression of the egfp and dsRed1 transgenes in genetically modified MSCs remained stable for one month of culturing. A comparison showed that the level of egfp and dsRed1 transgene expression was preserved upon hepatogenic differentiation in vitro. The results provide a basis for further development of multigenic modification of human BM MSCs for research and/or therapeutic purposes.

Biological systems are considered that are capable of dynamic self-organization, i.e., spontaneous emergence of spatio-temporal order with the formation of various spatio-temporal patterns. A cell is involved in the organization of ontogenesis of all stages. Embryonic cells exhibit coordinated social behavior and generate ordered morphological patterns displaying variability and equifinality ofdevelopment. Physical and topological patterns are essential for biological systems as an imperative that restricts and directs biological morphogenesis. Biological self-organization is directed and fixed by natural selection during which selection of the most resistant, flexible, modulator systems capable of adaptive self-organization occurs.

Discovery of neural stem cells (NSC) providing homeostatic adaptive and injury induced neural regeneration in the CNS of adult mammals, including Homo sapiens, is the most prominent accomplishment over the recent period of neurobiology research. NSC are concentrated in two neurogenic zones - side walls of lateral ventricle (subventricular zone) and hippocampal dentate gyrus (subgranular zone). In addition, new neurons may develop from other undifferentiated cells scattered throughout various CNS regions. Neurogenesis in adult mammals is an intensive process that leads to renewal of interneuron populations in such brain regions as olfactory bulbs and hippocampus by 5 and more percent per month. Advances in regenerative neurobiology may serve the foundation for the development of totally new technologies of treatment brain and spinal cord, as well as retina and optic nerve injuries and diseases based on the stimulation of reparative neurogenesis, design of conditions permissive for regeneration of nervous and glial cells and growth of nervous fibers, and on blocking factors inhibiting those two former processes.

The regeneration processes after introduction in site of damaged bone of rat bottom jaw of autologous mesenchymal stem cells of bone marrow origin (AMSCBMO) in suspension were studied by methods of light microscopy and x-ray densitometry. Morphological methods showed that formation of red bone marrow in bone callosity occurs much earlier after use AMSCBMO than in the time of natural course of reparation. Formation of cavities with a marrow decreases tissue density after application AMSCBMO in a site of damage in 4 and 5 weeks of supervision. The specified changes progress during all time of observation and are the certificate of accelerated development of regenerative processes in bone tissue.