The role of the gene ER2 in plant development has been studied by the analysis of the erecta2 (er2) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. It was shown that the mutation er2 provides pleiotropic effect on the development of all aboveground organs. It induces shortening and thickening of the stem, leaves and all flower organs, though it does not change the sensitivity to gibberellin. Changes in the morphology of the shoot organs are due to the changes in cell polarity. The cells get wider and shorter compared to the wild type. It was found that the gene ER2 is located in the lower arm of the chromosome 1. It complementarily interacts with the gene ER that plays an important role in the control of intercellular interactions.

The procedure of obtainment of chimeric blastocysts of mice by laser nanosurgery methods without using any other techniques is described. To perform the experiments, a special laser micromanipulator was invented. The murine embryonic stem cells (ESC), which were transformed with pEF-GFP vector, encoding the green fluorescent protein, were used in the experiments. ESC were introduced into the perivitelline space of murine embryos at the stage of 8 cells using the laser micromanipulator. The operated embryos were cultured in vitro until the stage of emergence from zona pellucida. The fluorescence and its precise localization were registered using a confocal microscope. It was shown for the first time that the inclusions of ESC introduced with the lased micromanipulator were found not only in the inner cell mass (ICM) but also in the trophectoderm of the chimeric blastocyst. The technology of nanosurgical operations at early stage preimplanted mammalian embryos using laser techniques opens great opportunities not only for solution of fundamental tasks of experimental embryology of mammals but also for obtainment of chimeric and transgenic animals with predetermined genotype.

The initial stages of in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells are considered as unique three-dimensional models of early development of mammals for basic, pharmacological, and toxicological studies. It has been previously shown (Gordeeva, 2012) that the assessment of embryotoxicity in the model of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells can be insufficiently accurate in predicting toxic effects on mammalian embryos. In view of this, we performed a comparative study of the damaging effects of the cytostatic etoposide in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells and embryoid bodiesof different stages of differentiation that have similar three-dimensional structures with early embryos. The analysis of growth, cell death, and dynamics of differentiation of embryonic stem cells and embryoid bodies exposed to etoposide showed that the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of etoposide are stage-specific. The damaging effects of etoposide were maximum in the undifferentiated embryonic stem cells and decreased with growth and differentiation of embryoid bodies. We assume that the increase in the cell volume of embryoid bodies and the development of the hypertrophic we suggest that the increase of embryoid body volume and overgrowth of extraembryonic endoderm layer lead to a decrease in the diffusion, transport, and metabolism of chemical and bioactive substances and prevent the damaging effects.

Development of biodegradable polymers-based scaffolds for tissue engineering is a promising trend in bioengineering. The electrospun scaffolds from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) were produced using different additives that changed the physical and chemical characteristics of the products. As a result, the construct consisting of interwoven threads of different diameter (0.8-3.4 mm) were obtained, the smallest diameter was observed in the threads from the PHB using tetrabutilammonium iodide (TBAI) and titanium oxide II (TiO2) as additives. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were cultivated on the scaffolds for the biocompatibility evaluation of obtained materials. Cells viability was determined by the XTT assay test. It was shown that the scaffold from the interwoven threads of lowest diameter is most favorable for MSC growth in comparison with the polymer film and scaffolds from the threads of larger diameter. Thus, it was shown that the biocompatibility of electrospun PHB scaffolds depended on their microstructure. The obtained data can be used for development of scaffolds for tissue engineering.

The paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare clonal disease characterized by somatic mutation of gene PIG-A at the level of stem hematopoietic cell. This process results in disorder of synthesis of glycosil phosphatidyl innozitol (GPI) anchor fixing numerous molecules on membrane of blood cells which protect blood cells from impact of complement. The international society of clinical cytometry (2010) proposed the guidelines of detection of clone of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria among erythrocytes, granulocytes and monocytes. The original technique is proposed to evaluate the clone of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in reticulocyte population of blood using method of flow cytofluorometry. The sampling of 160 samples of blood of patients with clinical symptoms of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and anemia was analyzed. Two modes of gatedrawing were applied--using monoclonal antibodies to CD71 (receptor to transferrin) and reagent BD ReticCount. The high correlation was established between size of reticulocytic clone of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria evaluated by CD71 and size of granulocytic and monocytic clone of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The developed panel (CD71/CD235a/CD59) can be applied for screening and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

The results of recent publications on a role of stem cells in the processes of neurogenesis, adaptation and neuroplasticity are summarized. An aim of the paper was to present evidence for a possibility of development and regeneration of cellular elements in the adult brain in normality and pathology. The latter was driven by the discussion of the studies on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and affective disorders. Pharmacological effects on the neurogenesis and perspectives of this research are reviewed.

In 14 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertention autologous mesenclyme multipotential stem cells (AMMSC) transplanation was performed in portal vein (I group, n=7) and common trunk of the hepatic artery (II group, n=6). Duration of pathological processes since diagnosis is 1-8 years (3,7±2,4 years). The initial severity was evaluated by a set of child-Pugh score: Class A - 6 (42,9%), Class B - 8 (57,1%). Cell cultures indentication and characteristics consistent with International Society of cell technology guidanes (ISCT) since 2006.   The treatment results and patients survival were determined in period 2 month - 5 years according Kaplan-Meir survival curve analysis. Morphology of liver bioptats also was performed.   It was shown that AMMSC transplantation generally positivly affects on the morpho-functional dynamics and basic hepatic syndromes. Aterial perivascular zone is the most optimal for transplantation in terms of migration, engraftment and differentiation of cells in comparison with portal field, as evidenced by the transition of some patients from class B to class A by child-Pugh score.

The evaluation was implemented concerning the values of automated parameter "immature granulocytes" in cardiosurgery patients. It is demonstrated that amount of immature granulocytes in peripheral blood exceeding 2% indicates development of infectious inflammatory process (sepsis). The monitoring of amount of immature granulocytes in cardiosurgery patients makes it possible to evaluate effectiveness of applied therapy, severity of patient condition, course of post-surgery period and outcome of disease.

To interpret hematopoietic cell myelodysplastic changes found during the primary diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes or other diseases and during therapy is an enormously complex clinical and laboratory problem. In what cases do these changes serve as a manifestation of clonal disease and in what cases are these changes a result of various effects? Alimentary, toxic factors, infectious agents, and iatrogenic effects may cause myelodysplastic signs in the hematopoietic cells. This review depicts diverse hematopoietic cell dysplastic changes that can be observed as a result of the effects of one drug or another, toxic factors, and infectious agents.

To characterize the clinical and hematological variability of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21) and to identify the signs associated with the likelihood of its relapse.

There were investigated changes in the peripheral blood of rabbits under prolonged exposure to vibration (5, 10, 20, 30 days). In a separate series of experiments, the nature of changes in the peripheral blood was investigated under the combined action of vibration and stevia leaves. Contained in stevia biologically active substances were found to accelerate metabolism in bone marrow stem cells, promote the compensatory ability of the organism, thereby providing the resistance of the body to the vibration factor.

The objective of this work was to study the influence of combined transplantation of stem cells (multypotent mesenchimal stromal and haemopoetic stem cells) on the haemopoesis of old and mature laboratory animals under the condition of ionizing radiation. The result of the experiment shows that under physiological conditions the combined transplantation brings the erithropoesis activation, under the ionizing radiation conditions it brings the erythroid and granulocytopoesis activation. Moreover the combined MMSC and HSC transplantation gives cytoprotective action on the myeloid tissue due to decrease of cyto genically changed cells in the mature animals under the condition of ionizing radiation, but in the old animals this effect can be seen even under physiological condition. Combined transplantation of MMSC and GSC can be used in the mature and old laboratory animals under the conditions of ionising radiation for the haemopoesis activation.

The concept of tissues is one of the main categories in histology. This paper describes the evolution of the tissue concept during the last century. The review of different definitions of tissues found in Russian and foreign educational and scientific literature published in XX-XXI centuries, is presented. Special attention is given to the changes of the concept of tissues that due to the appearance of the new approaches and concepts in tissue biology (doctrine of stem cells, differon principle of tissue organization, histione conception). A brief characteristic of different definitions of tissues based on various approaches that were suggested by Russian and foreign histologists, is given. The data are discussed that support the idea that the "tissue" concept belongs to a number of undefinable basic concepts of tissue biology.

The issue of introduction of number of additions into actual scheme of blood formation is discussed. The long standing experience of laboratory diagnostic of oncologic hematological diseases in adults and children and the analysis of published data about normal blood formation are involved into consideration. The existence is surmised of common oligo-linear precursors for B-lymphocytes and monocytes, natural killer cells and monocytes and common cell-precursor of T-lymphocytes and dendrite cells as well. At the same time, the issue concerning the existence of human common cell-precursor of lymphization capable of differentiating into Band T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells is disputable.

Cells with acidophilic granules in the crypts of the small intestine were first described, along with the other cells of intestinal epithelium, in 1872 by a well-known German anatomist, histologist and anthropologist G.A. Schwalbe, however they were named after an Austrian histologist and physiologist J. Paneth, who has performed their detailed morphological analysis in 1888. For many decades the role of Paneth cells (PCs) remained completely unclear, until in 1960-1970 the production of antimicrobial molecules by these cells was found. At present, it is established that PCs produce a broad spectrum of antimicrobial compounds, thus controlling the number and content of intestinal microbial populations. PCs are an important part of innate immunity defense mechanisms, however, by interacting with the other cells, they participate in the reactions of the adaptive immunity. By creating high concentrations of antimicrobial substances within the crypt, PCs protect intestinal stem cells from the damage by potentially pathogenic microorganisms, while by releasing some signaling molecules, they control the vital functions of these cells, being an important component of their niche. Affecting the host tissues and influencing the microbial populations, PCs play a significant role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the intestine.

In experiments on 48 rats of line Wistar, divided at 2 groups (first--basic group and 2-d group--group of comparison) through the use of morphological method was researched influence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) inoculated in the area of autogenic bone graft from tibia fixed at the surface of the jaw. The animals of group of comparison didn't get MSC. Time frames of watching: 21, 60, 120 and 180 days, 6 rats on the point of experiment in either of the two of the group. Data of this research had shown the intensification of bone formation process in the basic group of experiment under the action of the inoculation of autogenic MSC from adipose tissue, and as consequence of it, in eventual, merge of bone formations in a single entity.

Morphological changes in biological tissues, surrounding the composite net-like implant, owing large pores "Ultrapro", and also its combination with adipose transplant, fibrin, enriched with thrombocytes, were studied in experiment on 36 adult male rats of a Wistar line. While application of such construction the processes of creation and organization of connective tissue, neoangiogenesis as well as development of a new adipose tissue are improved. As a consequence of increase of concentration of highly active biological substances and regenerative cytokines in combination of the net implant with adipose transplant, containing multipotent stem cells, proliferative activity of all cellular elements, surrounding the net implant, is raising, what predispose its optimal integration into surrounding tissues.

Bone marrow (BM) involvement in neuroblastoma patients is commonly detected by cytomorphology and associated with poor outcome. Molecular techniques, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were offered to detect low number of tumor cells in BM due to high value of analytical sensitivity, while prognostic significance of results, obtained with these methods is unclear. PHOX2B and/or TH genes expression was selected as molecular marker of BM involvement. It was determined in 411 BM samples obtained from 75 neuroblastoma patients. 263 BM samples were taken at the time of primary diagnosis, 80 during treatment and 68 before autologous stem cells (ASC) apheresis. Prognostic significance of BM involvement was defined using 5-year (in some groups 4-year) overall (OS), event free (EFS) and progression free (PFS) survival. 24 patients (32.0%) were positive for PHOX2B and/or TH expression in the BM at the time of primary diagnosis. They had decreased survival rates: EFS achieved 0.49+/-0.12, OS - 0.57+/-0.12, PFS - 0.54+/-0.12, comparing with 0.75+/-0.07, 0.80+/-0.07 and 0.77+/-0.07, respectively, in patients with negative BM, p=0.014, p=0.029 and p=0.033. The trend to decreased OS and PFS was detected in case of minimal residual disease presence at the end of the induction chemotherapy (OS and PFS both are 0.22+/-0.19 vs. 0.70+/-0.18 and 0.43+/-0.22, correspondingly, p=0.121, p=0.130). Detection of PHOX2B and/or TH genes expression in the BM before ASC harvesting led to significant decreasing of EFS and OS (0.00 vs. 0.59+/-0.14 and 0.75+/-0.13, respectively, p=0.021 and p=0.016).

Endocytic pathway of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in three different, by the degree of maturity, types of the mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is similar in its nature: it was based on the receptor-mediated transport through the membrane p60, p65 and p305 AFP receptors with clathrin-dependent mechanism of receptorosome organization, in the formation and generation of which AP-2 complex, endophilin, and dynamin are involved. In the studied types of HSCs, the non-degraded AFP was detected in Golgi complex through the formed receptorosome merging with it, as well as in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, presumably through sequential binding to the cytoplasmic distributor proteins--p55, p52, p62 and p67 AFP receptors, and also to transorganelle transporter proteins--p147 and p182 AFP receptors. The investigation of the role of AFP endocytosis in changing the biological activity of the studied types of HSCs has shown that it directly regulated the protein synthesis and metabolic activity, while its effect on other examined types of biological activity was mediated by ERK1/2.