Multiple exogenous or endogenous factors alter gene expression patterns by different mechanisms that are poorly understood. We used RNA-Seq analysis in order to study changes in gene expression in melanoma cells that are capable of vasculogenic mimicry that is inhibited upon the action of an inhibitor of vasculogenic mimicry. Here, we show that the drug induces a strong upregulation of 50 genes that control the cell cycle and microtubule cytoskeleton coupled with a strong downregulation of 50 genes that control different cellular metabolic processes. We found that both groups of genes are simultaneously regulated by multiple sets of transcription factors. We conclude that one way for coordinated regulation of large groups of genes is regulation simultaneously by multiple transcription factors.

Oral cancer is an aggressive and rapidly progressive disease. The oral cavity is home to over 700 species of microorganisms that regulate metabolism, immune function, and health. There are three types of mechanisms by which bacteria may participate in carcinogenesis. First, bacteria cause chronic inflammation, which stimulates the production of cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor. Second, bacteria can interact directly with host cells by secreting toxins or by binding to membrane receptors. Finally, the production of metabolites by bacteria may also contribute to carcinogenesis. The importance of the bacteria level and composition in the transition of oral precancerous lesions to cancer has been demonstrated. The relationships of changes in microbiome composition with smoking, inflammation in healthy individuals, as well as with the development of oral cancer in patients, have been studied.

RNA polymerase III synthesizes a wide range of noncoding RNAs shorter than 400 nucleotides in length. These RNAs are involved in protein synthesis (tRNA, 5S rRNA, and 7SL RNA), maturation, and splicing of different types of RNA (RPR, MRP RNA, and U6 snRNA), regulation of transcription (7SK RNA), replication (Y RNA), and intracellular transport (vault RNA). BC200 and BC1 RNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III in neurons only where these RNAs regulate protein synthesis. Mutations in the regulatory elements of the genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III as well as in transcription factors of this RNA polymerase are associated with the development of a number of diseases, primarily oncological and neurological. In this regard, the mechanisms of regulation of the expression of the genes containing various RNA polymerase III promoters were actively studied. This review describes the structural and functional classification of polymerase III promoters, as well as the factors involved in the regulation of promoters of different types. A number of examples demonstrate the role of the described factors in the pathogenesis of human diseases.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a neuroectodermal tumor that results from malignant transformation of melanocytes in the eye uvea, including the iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid. UM accounts for 5% of all melanoma cases and is extremely aggressive with half of the UM patients developing metastases within the first 1-2 years after tumor development. Molecular mechanisms of UM carcinogenesis are poorly understood, but are known to differ from those of skin melanoma. Activating mutations of the GNAQ and GNA11 genes, which code for the large G protein subunits Gq and G11, respectively, are found in 90% of UM patients. The Gaq/PKC/MAPK signaling pathway is a main signaling cascade that leads to the transformation of melanocytes of the uveal tract, and major regulators of the cascade provide targets for the development of drugs. Metastatic UM (MUM) is most often associated with mutations of BAP1, EIF1AX, GNA11, GNAQ, and SF3B1. A combination of a commercial expression test panel of 15 genes and a mutation panel of 7 genes, supplemented with data on the size of the primary tumor, is highly efficient in predicting the risk of metastasis. The risk of metastasis determines the choice of therapy and the patient follow-up regimen. However, no systemic therapy for MUM has been developed to date. New drugs undergoing clinical trials are mostly targeted drugs designed to inhibit the protein products of mutant genes or immunotherapeutic agents designed to stimulate the immune response against specific antigens. In addition to these approaches, potential therapeutic targets of epigenetic regulation of UM development are considered in the review.

According to numerous studies, the most common pituitary tumors are prolactinomas, reaching 60% of all clinically significant adenomas, the next in order are non-functional pituitary adenomas, somatotropinomas, corticotropinomas and thyrotropinomas. Plurigormonal tumors occur in less than 1% of all pituitary adenomas. The most common form of mixed secretion adenoma in this patient population, derived from the Pit-1 cell line, produces various combinations of hormones: growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This article presents a patient with a plurihormonal two-component pituitary macroadenoma with a rare and exceptional combination of secreted hormones - GH / adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) / TSH / follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) / luteinizing hormone (LH) with minimal nonspecific clinical manifestations such as diabetes mellitus and poorly controlled arterial hypertension.

Littoral cell angioma is a very rare benign splenic neoplasm with typical morphological features. It is difficult to differentiate this angioma from other benign or malignant splenic tumors. It is a unique vascular tumor followed by abdominal pain or detected incidentally during examination. Incidence of this tumor is small, as only few appropriate cases were described in the literature. We present successful surgical treatment of littoral cell angioma of the spleen. The issues of clinical course, diagnosis, therapeutic tactics, morphologic and histochemical features are discussed.

To create a formalized method for predicting papillary thyroid cancer recurrence after hemithyroidectomy based on preoperative data.

To evaluate the safety and advisability of repeated liver resection (RLR) for recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

The aim of the study is to evaluate the syndrome of PSAF-autoadaptation in patients with tumors of maxillofacial localization based on the analysis of the results of a survey of the patient's Voluntary Confidential Information Sheet (DDIV Sheet).

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a benign mixed neuronal-glial neoplasm (WHO grade 1). DNET is most often localized in temporal lobes and found in children and young people with epilepsy. There a few cases of DNET in ventricular system with dissemination along the ependyma in the world literature.

Cervical lipomas accompanied by neurovascular compression are extremely rare and require surgical treatment in case of appropriate symptoms. The preferable method is gross total resection, as otherwise they tend to recur. Invasive growth is not typical for lipomas. However, large tumors can involve adjacent nerves and vessels and significantly complicate resection.

We present a combination of distal cholangiocarcinoma of the intrapancreatic common bile duct and intraductal papillary mucinous tumor associated with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic tail. This clinical case is unique. When analyzing the literature, we found no any case of similar primary multiple malignant tumor. Importantly, final diagnosis of simultaneous malignant pancreatobiliary neoplasia is possible only via intraoperative biopsy after adequate morphological dissection and research of resected organ complex including molecular genetic analysis due to identical histological and immunohistochemical picture of ductal neoplasia.

The review describes the involvement of various hyaluronic acid receptors, including CD44, RHAMM, HARE, TLR, LYVE-1, in maintaining normal homeostasis and aging, as well as in the development of age-associated inflammatory processes (inflamaging) and malignant tumors. The association of CD44 receptor activation with immune cells and the development of coronary heart disease has been shown. In addition, a link between the CD44 receptor and osteoarthritis has been shown, via TLR2 and TLR4. The oncogenic potential of RHAMM in relation to breast, prostate, leukemia, pancreas, lung and glioblastoma cancers has been described, with the strongest expression observed in metastatic tumors. In vivo and in vitro experiments, it was found that fragments of hyaluronic acid with a length of 4 to 25 disaccharides can contribute to the proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphangiogenesis. Thus, hyaluronic acid receptors play an important role in the aging process through the regulation of inflamaging and in the development of malignant neoplasms.

The 59-year-old patient complained of hearing loss on the left, ear murmur for a long time, periodic pain and discomfort in the left ear, dizziness for 6 months. She was found to have concurrent vestibular schwannoma in the internal auditory canal and temporal bone paraganglioma. Both tumors were removed in one operation. The schwannoma was removed by translabirinth access due to preoperative deafness, while the glomus tumor was removed during this access. Postoperative biopsy showed the presence of two unrelated diseases: paraganglioma (ICD-0 code 8690/3) and schwannoma (ICD-0 code 9560/0).

To evaluate the incidence of laryngeal papillomatosis (LP) and LP recurrence in adults and to determine the risk factors for the development of LP recurrence in adults in Moscow. To solve the tasks set, a survey of patients carried out, including the collection of complaints and anamnesis, a standard examination of the ENT organs, an assessment of the condition of the larynx, and a histological examination.

A literature search was conducted to review papers on the results of studies of clear cell renal cancer (CCRC) vascularization. Numerous data on the relationship between tumor pathogenesis and its vascularization have been revealed, which indicates the multifactorial nature of CCRC development and the significant role of angiogenesis in this process. It should be taken into account that patients with CCRC may have impaired vessel formation even before tumor development. To evaluate normal and pathologic angiogenesis, a pathohistologic study using immunohistochemistry is certainly necessary. Due to the significant role of angiogenesis in the development and course of CCRC, the use of drugs that suppress the formation of the vascular network in the tumor is relevant and advisable. To date, many drugs have been developed and introduced into clinical practice to inhibit angiogenesis. However, such drugs have not lived up to the expectations placed due to the frequent and rapidly developing drug resistance. Timely detection of pre-tumor and tumor processes, as well as effective treatment of cancer, including CCRC, is possible only with close cooperation between pathomorphologists and oncologists.

The report of the biopsy diagnosis of the granular cell tumor with rare localization in the breast is given. Currently, the tumor is considered a neoplasm of neuroectodermal origin. Differential diagnostic criteria for the tumor are positive expression in cytoplasm of protein S-100, absence of expression of epithelial antigens, histiocytic antigens, oncoproteins, estrogens and progesterone receptors, PAS-positive reaction of intracellular granules. With ultrasound examination and mammography, a tumor always initially assessed as cancer or calcification.

ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare T-cell lymphoma with ALK gene rearrangement that develops in children and young adults. The disease almost always affects the lymph nodes, and extranodal areas are also frequently involved. This article describes two cases of atypical localization of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with involvement of the paranasal sinuses.

Alveolar adenoma of the lung is a rare benign tumor first described in 1986. This article presents an observation of alveolar adenoma in a 72-year-old woman. Morphological and immunohistochemical methods of tumor diagnostics, issues of differential diagnosis are analyzed. The necessity of complex examination, including radiation methods, morphologic examination and immunohistochemical diagnostics to exclude other more dangerous diseases is shown.

Cancer cells can aberrantly express various markers, including transferrin receptor 1 (CD71) and β1-integrin molecules. Their role in invasion, migration and metastasis has been demonstrated. Determination of their expression in breast cancer (BC) may be an important point to characterize the clinical course of the tumor and prognosis of the disease.