Sinonasal papillomas are a group of benign, relatively rare tumors of the sinonasal tract with varying clinical courses. In the modern WHO classification, it is customary to distinguish three subtypes of sinonasal papillomas: the most common inverted type (ISP), oncocytic type (OSP) and exophytic type (ESP). Recently, the concept has emerged that the different types of sinonasal papillomas may not be variants of a single tumor, but rather separate tumors. Thus, OSP demonstrates KRAS mutations, and the pathogenesis of ISP is associated with EGFR mutations.

To evaluate the diagnostic capability of intraoperative fluorescence lymphography (FLG) in detecting of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) and lymph outflow pathways in patients with biliary cancer (BC).

The combination of liver resection and chemotherapy is the most effective way to treat primary and secondary malignant liver tumors. One of the methods for increasing resectability is the use of two-stage liver resection (associated liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy - ALPPS).

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of robot-assisted (RATS) and video-assisted thoracoscopic (VTS) minimally invasive surgeries for anterior mediastinal neoplasms.

Intramedullary spinal cord tumors are a rare group of central nervous system tumors with special treatment approaches. The main problems are related to optimal time of surgery, invasiveness and recurrence of tumor.

According to the modern WHO classification, pituitary carcinomas (or metastatic neuroendocrine pituitary tumors) are pituitary tumors with confirmed craniospinal and/or distant metastases. The main goal of histological analysis of pituitary carcinomas is to confirm pituitary origin of metastases. Treatment usually includes surgery and radiotherapy, dopamine agonists in maximum possible doses in case of prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinomas and chemotherapy with preferable temozolomide.

To date, 16 cases of en plaque hyperostotic meningioma of the convexity have been described. There are no clinical guidelines for the treatment of such patients.

Despite the progress in understanding the pathogenesis of diffuse brainstem tumors, treatment of these neoplasms is usually empirical and conducted without morphological and molecular verification. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive technique providing data on tumor biology without standard biopsy. This method is based on analysis of cell-free nucleic acids (predominantly, extracellular DNA) in biological fluids with detection of specific mutations. Despite wide implementation in diagnosis and disease monitoring in extracranial malignancies, it is infrequently applied in neuro-oncology.

Metastatic breast cancer is the most common malignancy and urgent problem due to high mortality. This fact emphasizes the need for development of innovative surgical approaches. Innovative approaches, including 3D modeling, provide unique opportunities for accurate reconstruction of the sternum. This method promises significant progress in individualized treatment with higher effectiveness and survival. We present resection of sternum body with anterior segments of ribs II-III and bone replacement with individual titanium implant in a patient with metastatic breast cancer.

To study the immediate results of spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy and to compare the outcomes after Kimura and Warshaw procedures.

To analyze the incidence, clinical manifestations and treatment of post-pancreaticoduodenectomy hemorrhage in patients with pancreaticoduodenal tumors.

To identify prognostic factors and role of preoperative therapy for resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC).

Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) currently is considered to be malignant due to metastatic potential. One of the most common familial forms of PHEO is multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MEN) type 2. The penetrance of PHEO in MEN2 syndrome is up to 50% of cases. It may be one- or two-sided, but metastases occur extremely rare. The fact that in majority of cases of MEN2 syndrome the source of distant metastases is medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) complicates differential diagnosis in case of PHEO metastasis.Isolated cases of PHEO with metastases to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bones, brain in MEN2 patients were described. In the available literature, we have found a description of 31 cases of metastatic PHEO in MEN2 syndrome. The available data of those cases is presented as a table in the article.We present a description of a 40-year-old woman with MEN2A syndrome (mutation of the RET proto-oncogene p.Cys634Tyr), with a history of twice-performed surgical treatment of MTC, with daily crises of arterial hypertension accompanied by vegetative symptoms, with a giant bilateral PHEO (up to 200 m on the right and up to 150 mm on the left) with synchronous large metastasis (up to 50 mm) into the pubic bone with the destruction. The patient underwent several surgeries: bilateral adrenalectomy, then a bilateral revision of the neck, removal of the right upper and right lower parathyroid glands, residual thyroid tissue, then resection of the right pubic bone with a tumor.

Insulinoma is a neuroendocrine tumor, the main manifestation of which is hypoglycemia. However, the symptoms of hypoglycemia can be non-specific for a long time, especially outside provocative conditions, and quite often the tumor manifests from a life-threatening condition - hypoglycemic coma. In this regard, timely laboratory diagnosis of insulinoma and determination of its aggressive course is one of the priorities in modern researches.

Oncolytic viruses represent a promising class of immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of malignant tumors. The proposed mechanism of action of various oncolytic viruses has initially been explained by the ability of such viruses to selectively lyse tumor cells without damaging healthy ones. Recently, there have emerged more studies determining the effect of the antiviral immunostimulating mechanisms on the effectiveness of treatment in cancer patients. Stimulation of innate immune cells by an oncolytic virus can initiate an adaptive antitumor immune response, yet at the same time, the antiviral mechanisms of the immune system can limit the spread of the virus, thereby reducing its effectiveness. Thus, the success of the clinical application of the oncolytic viruses directly depends on the three key components: tumor immunosuppression, antiviral responses, and antitumor immune responses. The review presents current data on the influence of pattern recognition receptors on the effectiveness of oncolytic viruses.

Presented herein is a clinical case report of successful treatment of an 18-year-old female patient with an iatrogenic injury and thrombosis of the superior vena cava having occurred during mediastinal tumor biopsy. While undergoing videothoracoscopy and mediastinal tumor biopsy she developed profuse bleeding from the superior vena cava. The vein defect together with the surrounding tissues was sutured during thoracotomy. This was complicated by the development of thrombosis of the superior vena cava and marked edema of soft tissues of the face, neck and upper half of the trunk. External jugular-femoral bypass turned out to be ineffective. A day later, she was subjected to reconstructive surgery. Complete removal of the mediastinal tumor, thrombectomy of brachiocephalic veins and reconstruction of the superior vena cava were performed from a sternotomy. For the reconstructive surgery, a spiral-shaped conduit from the great saphenous vein of the thigh was used. Within a day, complete regression of soft tissue edema of the face, neck and upper half of the torso was noted. After 15 months according to the data of CT angiography, the autovenous conduit was passable, with no signs of either thrombosis or restenosis. This is followed by a literature review of the modern state of the problem of treatment of patients with superior vena cava syndrome.

The purpose of this review was to analyze the most perspective methods for risk stratification of malignant transformation of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). Advisability of humoral predictors (tumor markers, inflammatory markers, circulating leptin and branched-chain amino acids, etc.) is in identifying prognostic signs suitable for risk stratification of IPMN malignant transformation and, therefore, determining treatment strategy for a particular patient. According to data screening, the most advisable predictors of malignant transformation of neoplasms are carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and high-grade dysplasia. At the same time, DNA sequencing, analysis of miRNA and telomere expression, as well as liquid biopsy have a high potential and require further research for routine clinical practice.

O determine whether tumor size, categorized as >5 cm or ≤5 cm, influences overall survival in patients with primary breast sarcoma.

The sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells to virus-mediated oncolysis was investigated on five patient-derived cell lines. Primary glioblastoma cells (Gbl13n, Gbl16n, Gbl17n, Gbl25n, and Gbl27n) were infected with tenfold serial dilutions of the Leningrad-3 strain of the mumps virus, and virus reproduction and cytotoxicity were monitored for 96-120 h. Immortalized human non-tumor NKE cells were used as controls to determine the virus specificity. Four out of the five glioblastoma cell lines examined were susceptible to mumps virus infection, whereas no virus reproduction was observed in the non-tumor cell line. Moreover, the level of proapoptotic caspase-3 activity was increased in all infected cells 48 h after infection. The kinetics of viral RNA accumulation in the studied glioblastoma cell lines was comparable with the rate of cell death. The data suggest that glioblastoma cell lines were permissive for the mumps virus. Glioblastoma cell lines differed in type I IFN production in response to the mumps virus infection. In addition, it was shown that MV infection was able to induce immunogenic death of glioblastoma cells.

Ovarian cancer (OC) develops asymptomatically and escapes diagnosis until advanced stages, the feature contributing to a higher mortality rate. New prospects of OC diagnosis and treatment have been opened in studies of the gene regulation mechanisms that involve long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and identification of the lncRNA genes that are inhibited via methylation of the promoter region. A set of 122 samples of primary OC tumors was examined by methylation specific real-time PCR to assess the methylation level of the lncRNA genes PLUT, SNHG1, SNHG6, SNHG12, and TINCR. A significant increase in their methylation levels was observed in OC (p < 0.001 by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test). The methylation levels of SNHG6, SNHG12, and TINCR were found to correlate significantly (p < 0.05) with the stage of the tumor process, the histological grade, and metastasis. Downregulation of SNHG6, SNHG12, and TINCR was detected by real-time RT-qPCR, and a significant correlation between methylation and expression was demonstrated for SNHG6 and TINCR (rs < -0.5, p < 0.001). The respective lncRNA genes were assumed to provide potential epigenetic markers of OC.