Neuroblastoma is a rare tumour originating from neural crest cells, primarily occurring in the adrenal glands and sympathetic ganglia, with prenatal diagnosis often complicated by the difficulty in distinguishing it from other foetal abdominal or paraspinal masses. We present a case of foetal neuroblastoma in a 26-year old woman who, at 36 weeks of gestation, experienced absent foetal movements, leading to ultrasound confirmation of foetal demise with associated effusions. An emergency caesarean section revealed a stillborn male foetus with a previously undetected encapsulated mass in the posterior mediastinum, which was confirmed as neuroblastoma through histopathological analysis. This case highlights the challenges in prenatal diagnosis, as the tumour went unnoticed despite routine imaging. It contributes to the limited literature on foetal neuroblastoma, underscoring the need for further research on effective management strategies.

In Africa, rare publications have focused on phyllodes tumors (PTs). The aim of our study is to describe the special feature of PTs surgery.

Hairy cell proliferations represent very different entities. They include hairy cell leukemia in its classic form (HCL), a well-defined entity, but also the variant form of HCL (LT-V ou HCL-V), whose presentation is far from HCL and whose prognosis is poorer. Other hairy cell proliferations include splenic red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL) and splenic marginal zone lymphomas (SMZL) with circulating villous cells. In this article, we emphasize the novelties concerning the different recent biological aspects of HCL, including the unusual clinical presentations but also the importance for the diagnosis of the detection of the BRAFV600E mutation, a molecular marker of the disease, and the presence of other non-canonical mutations that should be identified because of the contraindication to the use of BRAF inhibitors. Finally, the presence of a non-mutated profile of immunoglobulin heavy chains (IGHV), observed in 20% of cases, is associated with a poor prognosis. We also provide guidance in characterizing other hairy cell proliferations when examining the blood smear. The first-line treatment of HCL has recently changed and immunochemotherapy combining cladribine plus rituximab has become the gold standard. In relapsed or refractory forms, other treatments should be discussed in a multidisciplinary consultation meeting and combine BRAF inhibitors with anti-CD20 antibodies, BTK inhibitors or Bcl-2 inhibitors. The choices should be discussed according to the patient's profile but also their biological profile.

Alterations in DNA methylation profiles are typically found in cancer cells, combining genome-wide hypomethylation with hypermethylation of specific regions, such as CpG islands, which are normally unmethylated. Driving effects in cancer development have been associated with alteration of DNA methylation in certain regions, inducing, for example, the repression of tumor suppressor genes or the activation of oncogenes and retrotransposons. These alterations represent prime candidates for the development of specific markers for the detection, diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. In particular, these markers, distributed along the genome, provide a wealth of information that offers potential for innovation in the field of liquid biopsy, in particular thanks to the emergence of artificial intelligence for diagnostic purposes. This could overcome the limitations related to sensitivities and specificities, which remain too low for the most difficult applications in oncology: the detection of cancers at an early stage, the monitoring of residual disease and the analysis of brain tumors. In addition, targeting the enzymatic processes that control the epigenome offers new therapeutic strategies that could reverse the regulatory anomalies of these altered epigenomes.

We report the case of a 39-year-old patient who complains about loss of libido and erectile dysfunction. Hormonal diagnosis revealed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism suggesting a primitive testicular cause. Testicular examination, testicular ultrasounds and abdomen-pelvis CT scan made it possible to suspect a right testicular tumor. A stage I seminoma was confirmed at orchiectomy. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men before the age of 35. Most testicular tumors initially present with a scrotal mass: a testicular tumor should not be ignored in a patient with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.

Intracardiac masses may be revealed by an ischemic cerebrovascular accident (stroke). They are sometimes difficult to differentiate by echocardiography. Determining their nature is a crucial aspect of patient management. We here report the case of a 58-year-old man with untreated hypertension, active smoking, a history of psoriasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a nodule in the left upper lobe suspected to be lung cancer. He was hospitalized for an ischemic stroke which was treated with thrombolysis, resulting in hemorrhagic transformation. Routine echocardiography revealed a large mass in the left atrium suggestive of intra-atrial myxoma. Histological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis. Left atrial myxomas can remain asymptomatic for a long time and may be revealed by systemic embolic complications. Echocardiography guides the diagnosis and anatomopathological examination confirms it. Management should be multidisciplinary.

Carcinosarcomas of the bile ducts are very rare tumors. Their diagnosis and management remain difficult. We here report the case of a patient in whom the diagnosis was suspected due to cholestatic jaundice associated with a deterioration in general condition. Biologically, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels were elevated. Imaging showed a tumor in the head of the pancreas. Surgical exploration, tumor biopsy and anatomo-immunohistochemical study confirmed the biliary origin. The purpose of our case report is to highlight the difficulties in diagnosis and management as well as the importance of anatomopathological and immunohistochemical studies in confirming the diagnosis.

Small renal masses (SRMs), which are tumors less than 4 cm in diameter, are increasingly discovered incidentally due to the rise in diagnostic imaging. Although many of these masses are benign, managing SRMs remains challenging. Active surveillance (AS) offers a viable alternative to surgery, particularly for patients with high surgical risks or limited life expectancy. AS, validated by various studies, involves close monitoring with regular imaging, enabling delayed surgical intervention if the tumor shows signs of progression. However, the adoption of AS is hindered by the absence of standardized protocols and the growing availability of minimally invasive surgical options.

Fibroma ossificans are usually well-defined tumours, but are rarely encapsulated. The choice of radical or conservative treatment is a challenge for the maxillofacial surgeon. The aim of this case report was to describe the particularities of the management of a case of ossifying fibroma of the mandible.

The aim of this work was to study the prognostic factors of breast cancer and their correlation with survival in women in the General Surgery Department of the Gabriel Touré CHU in Bamako.

Few studies have been conducted on breast cancer despite its high burden in our context. Therefore, this study aimed to: (1) specify the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of breast cancer; and (2) determine the factors associated with breast cancer survival at Gabriel Touré University Hospital (CHU).

During the dissection of 11 stiffs, we observed the presence of an accessory muscle in the axillary fossa, known as the dorsalis major muscle arch or axillary Carl Langer muscle. This is the main anatomical variation in the walls of the axillary region. This case was reported because of the low frequency of this variation in the axillary region, and the vital importance of incorporating the possible presence of these notions into axillary curage techniques, which may find themselves modified intraoperatively. Ignorance of the dorsalis major muscle arch may be the cause of intra- and postoperative complications during axillary curage or breast reconstruction using a dorsalis major flap.

the occurrence of breast cancer in men is an indication for genetic counseling and must be systematically sought. The objective of this work was to describe the histopathological and molecular aspects of human breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a public health issue worldwide. One of the main causes of death due to this disease is metastasis, which is understudied in our context. Thus, the objectives of this work were to: (1) estimate the frequency of synchronous metastatic breast cancer; (2) determine the overall survival rate; and (3) identify the main factors associated with metastatic breast cancer death in Malian women.

Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast disorders. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical and therapeutic aspects of fibroadenoma in the obstetric gynecology department and General Surgery of Teaching hospital Gabriel TOURE in Bamako Mali.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant liver tumour, with a poor prognosis, ranking third for cancer mortality worldwide. HCC is a morphologically and molecularly heterogeneous tumour. This update aims to address this heterogeneity by describing the different histological and molecular subtypes of HCC. Morphologically, eight subtypes have been described according to the WHO classification: steatohepatitic, macrotrabecular massive (MTM), clear cell, chromophobe, scirrhous, fibrolamellar, lymphocyte-rich and neutrophil-rich. Other HCCs are classified as non-specific (not otherwise specified or NOS). These subtypes may be associated with a different prognosis, particularly the MTM, which displays a poorer survival than the other subtypes. Genomically, most HCCs present mutations in the TERT promoter, while other mutations occured later in carcinogenesis, such as TP53 and CTNNB1. TP53 mutated HCCs are associated with a poor prognosis and the MTM subtype. From a transcriptomic standpoint, two classifications are particularly noteworthy, as they are associated with both prognosis (proliferative vs. non-proliferative classification) and clinical, morphological and genomic tumour characteristics (G1-G6 classification). In conclusion, the morphological heterogeneity of HCC, directly linked to molecular heterogeneity, is associated with prognosis. This strongly supports the specification of the different HCC subtypes in our reports.

Since the last FIGO classification in 2009, numerous studies and recommendations have contributed to improving the management of endometrial cancer. The introduction of molecular classification (including POLE, MMR, and P53 status) has enabled better categorization of these cancers by defining specific patient groups, thus allowing for more tailored surgical management and adjuvant treatment. The data and analyses on molecular and histological classification developed in the 2021 guidelines from the European Societies of Gynecologic Oncology (ESGO), Radiation Therapy and Oncology (ESTRO), and Anatomical Pathology (ESP) have been utilized to develop the new 2023 FIGO classification for endometrial cancer. We are witnessing an evolution of the FIGO classification, shifting from a purely anatomical classification to a risk-based classification. It is important in pathology reports to specify the histological type of the tumor, the grade for endometrioid tumors, the presence or absence of lymphovascular space invasion, and the extent of the tumor (myometrial invasion, involvement of the serosa, cervix, vagina, adnexa, or neighboring organs). These essential points are included in the 2023 FIGO classification and will enable precise staging of the tumor. This article aims to clarify and simplify the classification of patients according to the new 2023 FIGO classification for endometrial cancer.

Rhabdomyosarcomas form a heterogeneous group of malignant soft tissue tumors characterized by immature striated muscle differentiation. Epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma is a recently described entity, mainly localized intraosseously and predominantly found in young patients. Its late diagnosis and high aggressiveness confer a grim prognosis to this tumor, highlighting the importance of early recognition and appropriate management. We present herein the clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular aspects of this entity through a case of misleading presentation.

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant tumour most often found in children and adolescents, but rarely in the cervicofacial region. When it affects the parapharyngeal space, diagnosis is often delayed, resulting in poor prognosis. We here report the clinical case of a 37-year-old female patient admitted to the emergency department with inspiratory dyspnea, asthenia and anorexia. Cervical spine MRI revealed a process in the right parapharyngeal space obstructing almost the entire pharyngeal lumen. Anatomopathological, immunohistochemical and cytogenetic examinations showed extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma. The metastatic workup was negative. The patient received chemotherapy. Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma of the parapharyngeal space is extremely rare: only four cases have been reported in the literature. Nonetheless, clinical and paraclinical characteristics are similar. It is a neoplasm that must be recognized for early diagnosis to improve prognosis and management.

Therapies targeting HER2 and immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved survival in patients with metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, but the prognosis associated with these cancers remains poor. Claudin 18.2 is a tight junction protein expressed in the oeso-gastric mucosa. Some gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma overexpress this protein, as well as some pancreatic, ovarian and pulmonary cancers. In pathological context, its epitope may be exposed at the surface of cells and therefore makes it an interesting therapeutic target. Zolbetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting claudin 18.2, showed a survival benefit in first line metastatic treatment in patients with claudin 18.2 positive gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction adénocarcinoma, in two phase III studies. CAR T-cells specifically targeting this protein have also shown promising efficacy from the second line of treatment. Considering the probable impact of the expression status of claudin 18.2 in future treatment algorithms, this review aims to present the pathophysiology underlying the targeting of claudin 18.2, summarize state of the art results of anti-claudin 18.2 therapies and discuss future challenges for the management of patients with claudin 18.2 positive gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.