Dermatological research is more and more productive and its level higher and higher. Choosing the most significant articles is difficult. Mast cell plays a role in the initiation of inflammation and therefore in poorer healing. Keratinocytes derive from stem cells and progenitors, which are independent. They can be activated directly by heat through sensory proteins at their surface. The cutaneous nervous system has an organization similar to that of the most complex sensory organs. In psoriasis, denervation induces a significant plaque regression. The cerebral integration of skin appearance modulates the skin reactivity to histamine. Pruritus is linked to specific receptors in the skin, which give specific projections into the brain and are histamine-dependent or not. Atopic dermatitis may be linked to the nonspecific activation of Th2 immune system, particularly to abnormalities of the skin barrier. Skin bacteria, but not intestinal, modulate the formation of skin immunity. Raf kinases are well known in melanoma and play an important role in physiological conditions: they are not essential to the initial development of the melanocyte lineage but to maintain it. In culture, melanocytes can be dedifferentiated in melanoblasts. Sunburns are consecutive to the activation of TLR3 by UVB. ANRIL gene is involved in the polymorphism of neurofibromatosis 1 and gene RAD51B is linked to the risk of male breast cancer. MCV infection is linked to sites with sialic acid. Aging objectified by telomere shortening is accelerated by stress.

New sequencing technologies are one of the most important technical advances in biology in the last 10 years. These technologies allow sequencing millions of DNA fragments in parallel, covering billions of bases in a short period of time. These techniques allowed discovering millions of variants, which functional and clinical value rest yet to be confirmed. This technology allows us to search new constitutional and somatic mutations in various samples in a short time. The complexity of data interpretation and size of data as well as the important investment needed to implement make these technologies to be present only in big institutions. The objective of this article is to present the different techniques, their associated technologies and to discuss their current applications.

Immune response has a crucial role in the control of tumoral progression in colorectal cancer (CRC). A close link between the rate of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis has been found. Indeed, recent studies have shattered our dogmas as the rate of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes seems to be a better prognostic factor than TNM classification. This review is focused on immune response in CRC. Specific cell-mediated immunity is important for the control of tumoral growth. Specific T cell activation is induced by tumoral antigens process by dendritic cells. Among the numerous tumoral antigens that could induce an immune response in CRC, the carcinoembryonic antigen is the most studied but its immunogenicity remains low. In CRC with microsatellite instability, several immunogenic neo-antigens have been identified and could explain the high level of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and the better prognosis of this type of tumour. However, CRC can escape immune response by immune response modulation or tumoral cells modifications conducting to immune resistance. These data should be considered for the treatment of CRC or the development of immunotherapy strategies.

Prophylactic mastectomy is an effective, although controversial strategy to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation. A multidisciplinary pre- and post-operative clinical management is recommended for women who consider or undergo this surgery, because of its radical and irreversible nature as well as its possible impact on quality of life.

Since over a century, medical literature has reported cases of viral infections leading to tumour regression. This phenomenon, now understood, can be exploited for cancer therapy. It involves viruses defined as "oncolytic". These viruses, either wild-type or genetically engineered, replicate preferentially in malignant cells. They induce tumour regression through various mechanisms including direct cell lysis and stimulation of an anti-tumour immune response. Several oncolytic viruses have reached late-stage clinical investigation and could be approved soon for treating certain neoplasms. While already promising, there is still room for improvement and various genetic, immunological, and pharmacological strategies are currently under development to increase their therapeutic efficacy.

Malignant transformation of hepatic adenoma (HA) is now a well-documented phenomenon. Recent pathological and immunophenotypic studies have identified several subtypes with different prognoses. In many cases the HA subtype can be determined by modern radiological methods, including contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on a series of 26 cases of HA studied with CEUS, MR1 histopathology and immunochemistry, we propose tailored therapeutic options. Watchful waiting is appropriate in some cases, while others require biopsy or resection. Management is more conservative than in previous years.

FGFR3 mutation leads to a constitutive activation of the receptor 3 to Fibroblast Growth Factor. This mutation is early in urothelial carcinogenesis and is strongly associated to low grade papillary tumors. Multiple regional epigenetic silencing (MRES) phenotype corresponds to the transcriptional inactivation of chromosomal regions in muscle invasive bladder cancer, and is strongly associated to the molecular signature of carcinoma in situ. These alterations could be targeted by new specific therapies.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype occurs in approximately 15 to 24% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and may be sporadic or hereditary. It reflects a mutator phenotype in the tumor due to a lack of mismatch repair system. MSI is indeed one of the characteristics of CRCs occurring in Lynch syndrome and some sporadic cases. CRCs with MSI have a better prognosis than CRCs with microsatellite stability (MSS). This is explained partly by a more important anti-tumor immune response and by apoptosis of tumor cells in which mutations accumulate. However, in some retrospective studies, microsatellite instability in stage II CRCs was associated with no benefit to or even a deleterious effect of 5-FU alone based adjuvant therapy. Nevertheless, results obtained in stage III CRCs with FOLFOX type adjuvant chemotherapy remain favorable in retrospective studies.

Diagnosis of brain metastases should aim to identify anatomoclinical entities for which a specific treatment is more accurate. Growing numbers of targeted therapies have shown to be effective against specific cancers. Several studies have reported that targeted therapies are capable of reducing brain metastases in melanoma or non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), sometimes with a high dramatic response. These results have clearly impacted routine neuropathological practice, leading to multidisciplinary strategy management of brain metastases tissues. In accordance with the recommendations of French National Cancer Institute (INCa), the pathologist develops appropriate strategies for molecular and immunohistochemical analysis, in order to provide results as soon as possible.