Cutaneous melanoma is a malignant tumor with a high metastatic potential. If an early treatment is associated with a favorable outcome, the prognosis of metastatic melanoma remains poor. Advances in molecular characterization of cancers, notably the discovery of BRAF gene mutations in metastatic melanoma, allowed to the recent development of targeted therapies against mutated BRAF protein. Despite high tumor response rates observed in clinical trials, these new drugs are associated with frequent secondary tumor resistance occurrence and paradoxical carcinogenic side effects. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of these carcinogenic side effects and secondary resistance are not yet fully elucidated and are actually intensely studied. This review of the literature focus on the mechanisms of these carcinogenic side effects and on the tumor resistance associated with anti-BRAF targeted therapies.

The impact of cancer treatment on ovarian function and fertility has been known since the 70s. Preservation of fertility is now an important focus of care for patients of reproductive age with cancer. The beneficial role of GnRH agonists in fertility preservation is controversial since the early 2000s. Recent randomized studies come to overturn this role. The POEMS multicenter randomized trial with long-term follow-up is ongoing and will provide results that could help clarify the current uncertain indication of these compounds in this context.

To describe drugs used in the non-hormonal treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

To describe drugs used in renal cell carcinoma.

Numerous epidemiological cohort and case-control studies showed that type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for cancer and that metformin therapy is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of cancer and cancer-related death when compared to other glucose-lowering agents. Such beneficial effect is observed whatever the type of cancer, but seems to be more prominent in case of gastrointestinal and breast cancers. In general, the protective effect was more evident in observational cohort studies (however, more exposed to bias due to confounding factors) than in case-control studies. However, the results of the rather rare controlled clinical trials available are not conclusive, but none of them was performed with the objective to specifically assess cancer risk. Several meta-analyses recently confirmed that metformin therapy reduces the incidence of cancers (including colorectal cancer, hepatocarcinoma, breast cancer) and cancer-related mortality. Metformin may exert its anti-cancer activity by a direct effect (insulin) and an indirect effect (AMPK and mTOR). Considering all promising clinical information in patients with type 2 diabetes, further clinical trials are currently ongoing with the aim of assessing the role of metformin in oncology, especially as adjuvant in breast cancer therapy.

The incidence of cancer in young patients as well as survival rates is steadily increasing. The question of fertility capacity is therefore of great importance regarding the quality of life after cancer. According to the ASCO recommendations, every patient should be advised about the chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage and fertility preservation possibilities. Several options can be discussed: embryo and/or oocytes freezing and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Fertility preservation techniques are progressing rapidly but it still remains difficult to establish precise flow-charts according to age, marital status, type, dose and timing of chemotherapy.

Regorafenib, oral multi-kinase inhibitor that targets oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis and maintenance of the tumor microenvironment, obtained its European approval, August 26, 2013 after favorable review of the European Medecines Agency in the following indication: treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy or are not considered candidates for available therapies and, if KRAS wild type, an anti-EGFR therapy. This decision was based on the efficacy and safety results of an international phase III trial. This study showed an improved overall survival, with régorafénib versus placebo (6.4 months vs 4 months; HR = 0.774, IC à 95%, 0.64 à 0.94; p = 0,005 2). Reported grade 3-4 adverse events with regorafenib were hand-foot syndrome (17%), asthenia (10%), diarrhea (7%), hypertension (7%), rash and desquamation (6%).

Numerous studies have demonstrated that a significant change in weight during chemotherapy treatment was a factor of poor prognosis in early breast cancer women. However, the causes and mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are not fully known. This review summarizes current knowledge about the causes of energy imbalance during chemotherapy treatment and the mechanisms that have been proposed as responsible for the increased risk of relapse and death in this population. Current preventive strategies focus on physical activity programs but also on the use of metformin during and after chemotherapy.

Recent developments and therapeutic use of selective BRAF inhibitors (e.g. dabrafenib and vemurafenib) have significantly improved overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive metastatic melanoma. Despite their survival benefits, small-molecule inhibitors of BRAF are associated with significant and sometimes severe treatment-related dermatological toxicity. The most common adverse skin reactions include photosensitivity, induced malignant lesions of the skin such as keratoacanthomas, squamous cell carcinoma and new primary melanomas, as well as keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation dysfunctions that can manifest as skin papillomas, hand-foot skin reaction, keratosis pilaris-like rash, acantholytic dyskeratosis and cysts of the milia type. In this article, we describe the clinical and histological features of the cutaneous manifestations induced by vemurafenib and dabrafenib on the basis of our clinical experience and a literature review. The crucial role of dermatologists in patient management is also highlighted.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) are the founder cells of spermatogenesis and are responsible for the lifelong production of spermatozoa. The cryopreservation and transplantation of these cells has been proposed as a fertility preservation strategy for young boys at risk for stem cell loss, i.e. patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer or as a conditioning treatment for bone marrow transplantation. To prevent lifelong sterility in boys, two fertility restoration strategies are being developed: the injection of SSC and the grafting of testicular tissue containing SSC. Depending on the disease of the patient one of these two approaches will be applicable. Grafting has the advantage that SSC can reside within their natural niche, preserving the interactions between germ cells and their supporting cells and may therefore be regarded as the first choice strategy. However, in cases where the risk for malignant contamination of the testicular tissue is real, e.g. leukemia, transplantation of SSC by injection is preferable over grafting.

Current chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting management guidelines recommend taking into account the emetogenic potential of the chemotherapy employed as well as individual risk factors to such effects. We performed an interventional prospective study to assess the impact of an innovating therapeutic optimization strategy. The latter combines current guidelines application to a specific consultation in order to individualize the treatment. This study included 170 patients and covered a total of 1,746 days of various chemotherapies. Among these patients, 86.5% never vomited and 53.8% never had any nausea or vomiting. These results seem generally better than the ones found in the literature with all kinds of chemotherapies. Regarding them, we have attempted to highlight the determining criteria for a successful antiemetic treatment.

Incidence of centimetric or infracentimetric node negative (pT1a-b, N0) breast cancer is increasing due to screening procedures. Although considered as having an overall favorable prognosis, several retrospective studies have suggested a higher risk of relapse when HER2 is overexpressed. Since randomized studies evaluating trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting did not include T1a-bN0, there is no level I evidence supporting the administration of a trastuzumab-based post-operative chemotherapy in these cases. However, some recent retrospective data suggest a benefit for such a strategy and current guidelines recommend to consider adjuvant chemotherapy plus trastuzumab in pT1bN0. The final decision, as well as the nature of cytotoxics to be administered in combination with trastuzumab, require a careful evaluation of the benefit/risk ratio in order to minimize the risk of toxic events, notably at the cardiac level.

Interest for representations about cancer treatments and their side effects is increasing because their central role has been proved in how patients cope with illness and symptoms and how they react emotionally. Through a synthesis of the literature, this paper has two objectives: firstly, to clarify the current state of knowledge in this field, and secondly to point out the manner that bringing out these individual representations during oncological consultations contributes to preventing difficulties and treatment discontinuation and facilitates medical decision processing.

Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) that allows increased survival and, occasionally, complete remission, in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The most frequent adverse effects are attributed to dysimmunity. We report the case of a female patient who developed orbital myositis during treatment with ipilimumab.