Thrombotic microangiopathy is a rare but severe complication of treatment with gemcitabine. Its prevalence increases because gemcitabine's indications are growing. We report four cases, which presented with common clinical and biological manifestations, i.e. high blood pressure, proteinuria and increasing plasmatic creatinine level. However, severity was not similar, hemodialysis was inconstant. There is no consensus on treatment for this condition. Stopping gemcitabine is essential. Treatment was dispensed considering the severity of the presentation: plasma exchange therapy of variable outcome, and eculizumab, which was efficient when used. It's important to note that this syndrome includes common and frequent signs in patients receiving chemotherapies. But they must encourage the research of most specific signs, such as hypertension, mechanic hemolysis signs, proteinuria or hematuria, in order to recognize thrombotic microangiopathy as early as possible to treat it precociously, and to prevent additional gemcitabine injections.

Choroidal neovessels are a threatening complication of high myopia, accounting for 5 to 10% of cases. They require immediate treatment because of their poor prognosis. Anti-VEGF intravitreal injections are currently a new therapeutic alternative far exceeding photodynamic therapy (PDT). Nevertheless, anti-VEGF treatment algorithm for this type of neovessels remains a matter of discussion among the authors. The purpose of this study was to highlight the difficulties in managing these neovessels and to discuss the Anti-VEGF therapeutic regimen to follow.

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder is a rare histological entity, characterized by the ability to metastasize quickly and associated with a poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical, histological, therapeutic and prognostic characteristics of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder. We conducted a retrospective study collecting data from the medical records of 5 patients in the Department of Urology, at the Ibn Sina University Hospital during the period between January 2008 and June 2015. The average age was 63 years. Four males and one female were involved in the sudy. The neuroendocrine carcinoma was pure in four cases and impure or associated with urothelial component in one case. In two patients metastases were present at initial diagnosis. In one case, cystectomy was performed followed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy; chemoradiotherapy was performed in two cases and palliative chemotherapy in the other two cases. The median survival was 10 months. Only one patient was alive, with a follow-up period of 20 months. The management of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder is not standardized, several therapeutic options have been proposed: surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

Cabozantinib is an oral multiple tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor (ITK): VEGFR2, c-MET and RET. Inhibition of VEGFR and c-MET decrease resistance of VEGFR inhibitor via c-MET axis. Cabozantinib improve progression-free survival (PFS) in progressive metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC): 4 months in the placebo group and 11.2 months in the cabozantinib group (P<0.001) in all patient subgroups including those with or without prior ITK and RET mutation status. Cabozantinib increased overall survival (OS) compared with everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma who progressed after previous VEGFR ITK treatment: 21.4 months in cabozantinib group and 16.5 months in everolimus group (P<0.0003). Cabozantinib obtained the AMM for the treatment of progressive metastatic MTC and advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cabozantinib is a new option in the treatment of MTC by inclusion in therapeutic trials (no payment in this indication) and advanced renal cell carcinoma (hospital delivery). Its tolerance is similar to anti-angiogenic therapies and justifies an optimal management of the secondary effect.

Burkitt's lymphoma (LB) is a type of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma originating from malignant B-cell transformation and proliferation. Positive confirmation is based on biopsy of the tumor mass or bone marrow aspiration revealing the presence of tumor cells. We here report the case of a young man, about twenty years old, addressed for post tooth extraction gingival swellings evolving for 1 month. Anatomopathologic examination after biopsy complemented by immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma. Treatment was based on chemotherapy. Although Burkitt's lymphoma is rare, it is an aggressive tumor that represents a real public health problem, hence the role of the dentists in early diagnosis, in order to allow rapid and appropriate management of the disease which is vital to the healing process.

Oral therapies have shifted the follow-up of patients with cancer from hospital to home. As a consequence, the number of incoming calls has increased. To understand the source, reasons, management and burden of calls, we underwent a French national survey. The objective was to describe the way calls are managed in oncology departments.

The incidence of cancer is raising and the treatments are increasingly aggressive. Consequently, physicians are regularly facing side effects of cytotoxic therapies. Cancer- therapy-induced cardiotoxicity is a serious complication because it can be fatal and causes a temporary or permanent cessation of the treatment. In this article, we summarize the mechanisms, the monitoring and the multidisciplinary management of patients with cancer-therapy induced cardiotoxicity.

Anti-VEGF therapies have revolutionized the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

In the context of health expenses control, reimbursement of high-cost medicines with a 'minor' or 'nonexistent' improvement in actual health benefit evaluated by the Haute Autorité de santé is revised by the decree of March 24, 2016 related to the procedure and terms of registration of high-cost pharmaceutical drugs. This study aims to set up the economic impact of this measure.

The risk of cancer after solid organ transplantation is increased by 2.6 compared to overall population. Cancer is currently the third leading cause of death in solid organ transplanted patients, making screening and early management of de novo cancers a major challenge. This increased risk of cancer in this population results from the combination of known environmental risk factors of cancer, comorbidities of transplanted patients, and exposure to chronic immunosuppression. The prognosis of cancer in these patients seems poorer as compared to other cancer patients owing to their comorbidities, the immunosuppression and patient's poorer tolerance to oncologic treatment. Moreover, interactions between immunosuppressive agents and antitumor therapies must be taken into account in the therapeutic strategy. Better knowledge of the specificities of solid organ transplanted patients with de novo cancer is required to improve cancer care in this patient population. This article aims to review the current data available on de novo cancers in solid organ transplanted patients, with a focus on epidemiology, risks factors of de novo cancers, impact of immunosuppressive drugs and oncologic prognosis.

Studies evaluating chemotherapy high dose chemotherapy with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDC-ACSH) in the treatment of metastatic (MBC), locally advanced (LABC) and inflammatory (IBC) breast cancer have in common lack of biomarker information, in particular the HER2 status.

Costimulatory molecules allow the full lymphocyte activation, whereas co-inhibitory molecules are negative counterparts that act as immune regulators, avoiding excessive response. In some context of chronic inflammation such as cancer, co-inhibitory immune checkpoint as CTLA-4, PD-1, Lag-3, Tim-3 can accumulate at the membrane of T cells leading to a state of anergy and therefore the loss of tumor growth control. Consequently, these immune checkpoints are considered as potential target in the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy by anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 early demonstrated very good proof of efficacy in the setting of several cancers types, supporting the role of these molecules in tumor immune escape. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathophysiology of immune checkpoints and their therapeutic applications in cancer.

Dysregulation of cellular cycle is a key component of carcinogenesis and its targeting represents an interesting approach. Recently, the development of selective inhibitors of the cycle targeting the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6 revived interest in this therapeutic class after the failure of pan-inhibitors. Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are the 3 drugs with the most advanced development. They demonstrated preclinical activity in luminal breast cancer models and are under clinical evaluation. The first available studies demonstrate the value of these compounds with an improved prognosis of metastatic patients in combination with endocrine therapy (palbociclib, ribociclib) or in monotherapy (abemaciclib). The results of ongoing studies will clarify the role of these agents in our new strategies and the individualisation of biomarkers will help to define patients who benefit most from this approach.

Nanocarriers based on polymers are currently attracting much attention to perform efficient drug delivery, especially in cancer therapy. Over the last decades, different kinds of polymer nanoparticulate systems have been developed (e.g., simple, stealth, targeted, stimuli-responsive and prodrug) to propose novel, better and safer cancer therapies. This article will give a brief overview of the different classes of polymer nanoparticles that have been reported and discuss some key achievements deriving from their use in the field of cancer therapy.