Emulsified fat injection showed its interest in aesthetic facial surgery. The adipose tissue harvested is mechanically emulsified and filtered. The suspension obtained is injected into the dermis through small diameter needles (27 to 30 gauges). The objective of our study was to evaluate the biological composition of emulsified fat and its clinical effectiveness in the treatment of peri-oral wrinkles in 4 patients aged 50 to 59 years.

Providing information to living donors is first and foremost a legal obligation as well as an ethical one, not to mention necessary to health care provision. It's been shown that quality of information concerning the procedure's practical aspects, scheduling of clinical tests and examinations, withdrawing stem cells for the donation, post-donation symptoms, and support provided by healthcare teams, directly impacts the donor's quality of experience. Taking this into consideration our group decided it was essential to create an informational support for donors in the form of a booklet to be provided in different hematopoietic stem cell transplant centers across France. In September 2016 in Lille, France, the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC) organized the 7th allergenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation clinical practices harmonization workshops. As part of these workshops, our group worked collectively to develop a basis of indispensable information to be included in the booklet and presented using clear and accessible language.

What is a stem cell? Is stemness an intrinsic or extrinsic property? What role does the microenvironment play in the stemness identity? We distinguish four identities for normal and cancerous stem cells and explore their consequences for therapeutic strategy choice in the oncology setting. Acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations during cell transformation and disease progression questions the stability of the stemness property's identity in cancers.

Despite new therapeutics options, Prostate Cancer (PCa) remains a public health challenge because of its high incidence and mortality. Limits in PCa research come from the lack of in vitro and in vivo models that mimic the human disease. Currently, 2D in vitro tissue culture models of PCa are widely used but they present numerous limits. They do not reproduce cellular morphology, tissue architecture, inter-patients and intratumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, they lack two key components of PCa tumors, the tumoral microenvironment and the cancer stem cells. In vivo murine models of PCa cannot be representative of all the genetic alterations known in prostate tumors and they hardly reproduce the pathophysiology of human metastatic progression. Consequently, the physiology of these in vitro and in vivo models do not well represent patients tumors. 3D cell cultures overcome many of these limits by sharing morphologic characteristics with in vivo tumors as well as reproducibility of in vitro models. 3D models of PCa include spheroids derived from tumor cell lines, and organoids, derived from patient. In 3D cell cultures, cell fitness is maintained, the physiological cells-cells and cell-matrix interactions are restored and an extracellular matrix surrounds the cells. Organoids, generated from PCa primary tumors or metastases, allow studies on cancer stem cells and their microenvironment. Moreover, organoids retain genetic integrity of PCa tumors. PCa organoid model is an innovative tool that offers great perspectives of therapeutic screening. In the future, organoids generated from patients' biopsies may also lead to personalized medicine.

Radiotherapy of abdominopelvic primary or secondary lesions in conformational or stereotactic techniques is in full development. The small bowel is highly sensitive to irradiation and is the main organ at risk limiting prescription doses. This literature review aims to define the dose constraints to the small bowel and the duodenum in conformational and stereotactic body radiotherapy. The small bowel including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum is delineated on the simulation scanner. The radio-induced intestinal toxicities are acute related to the cellular depopulation of the intestinal mucosa, and late of more complex pathophysiology associating depletion in stem cells, microangiopathy, chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The main predictive factor of intestinal toxicity is the dose-volume ratio. In conformational radiotherapy, the dose constraints to the duodenum are: V25Gy<45% and V35Gy<20%. The jejunum and ileum dose constraints are for delineation by intestinal loop or peritoneal cavity respectively: V15Gy<275mL or V15Gy<830mL and V45Gy<150mL. In stereotactic body radiotherapy, small bowel dose constraints depend on fractionation and are defined on a small volume and on a maximum dose at one point. Intestinal toxicity is also dependent on factors intrinsic to the patient and radiosensitizers such as targeted therapies or chemotherapies. With the development of new techniques allowing dose escalation on the tumour and the development of inverse planning, the definition of dose constraints to the small bowel is essential for current practice.

Severe burned patients need definitive and efficient wound coverage. Outcome of massive burns has been improved by using cultured epithelial autografts (CEA). Despite fragility, percentages of success take, cost of treatment and long-term tendency to contracture, this surgical technique has been developed in few burn centres. First improvements were to combine CEA and dermis-like substitute. Cultured skin substitutes provide earlier skin closure and satisfying functional result. These methods have been used successfully in massive burns. Second improvement was to allow skin regeneration by using epidermal stem cells. Stem cells have capacity to differentiate into keratinocytes, to promote wound repair and to regenerate skin appendages. Human mesenchymal stem cells contribute to wound healing and were evaluated in cutaneous radiation syndrome. Skin regeneration and tissue engineering methods remain a complex challenge and offer the possibility of new treatment for injured and burned patients.

Population ageing and increase in cancer incidence may lead to a decreased availability of red blood cell units. Thus, finding an alternative source of red blood cells is a highly relevant challenge. The possibility to reproduce in vitro the human erythropoiesis opens a new era, particularly since the improvement in the culture systems allows to produce erythrocytes from induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), or CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs). iPSCs have the advantage of in vitro self-renewal, but lead to poor amplification and maturation defects (high persistence of nucleated erythroid precursors). Erythroid differentiation from HSC allows a far better amplification and adult-like hemoglobin synthesis. But the inability of these progenitors to self-renew in vitro remains a limit in their use as a source of stem cells. A major improvement would consist in immortalizing these erythroid progenitors so that they could expand indefinitively. Inducible transgenesis is the first way to achieve this goal. To date, the best immortalized-cell models involve strong oncogenes induction, such as c-Myc, Bcl-xL, and mostly E6/E7 HPV16 viral oncoproteins. However, the quality of terminal differentiation of erythroid progenitors generated by these oncogenes is not optimal yet and the long-term stability of such systems is unknown. Moreover, viral transgenesis and inducible expression of oncogenes raise important problems in term of safety, since the enucleation rate is not 100% and no nucleated cells having replicative capacities should be present in the final product.

Sickle cell disease is the most frequent genetic disease in France, concerning 400 newborns each year. The management of these Afro-Caribbean patients requires frequent transfusions from Caucasian donors. Due to important erythroid antigenic differences between Caucasian and African, the prevalence of allo-immunization is high in this population with a risk of transfusional impasse. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the only curative treatment for this disease and the replacement of red cells and lymphocytes of the sickle cell patient by those of the donor can also resolve the transfusional impasse. However, a close consultation between physicians from the blood bank and transplantation unit will be required for the choice of conditioning regimen and GvH prophylaxis in order to ensure the transition from a mixed chimerism to the full donor curative graft.