Minipuberty refers to a specific period in early postnatal life with high activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) hormone axis. In infant boys 1 to 3 months of age, high concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are released, which results in high levels of gonadal hormones from testicular Leydig cells (testosterone and insulin-like 3) and Sertoli cells (inhibin B and antimüllerian hormone). The HPG axis is also active in infant girls, who have adult levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during this period. Immediately after minipuberty, the HPG axis is silenced for approximately 10 years and is reactivated only with the onset of puberty. Thus, minipuberty represents an early window for diagnosing disorders of sexual differentiation and rare endocrine disorders, such as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and may help guide dosing of therapeutic interventions including gonadotropin therapy. Of note, minipuberty predicts adult reproductive capacity.

Among asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis, a previous analysis showed that the risk of a composite of death during surgery or within 30 days after surgery (called operative mortality) or death from cardiovascular causes was significantly lower with early surgery than with conservative care. However, the long-term survival benefit of early surgery, as compared with conservative care, remains unclear.

Standard adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer consists of a fluoropyrimidine-plus-oxaliplatin regimen. Whether the addition of atezolizumab (an anti-programmed death ligand 1 agent) to a modified FOLFOX6 regimen (fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and leucovorin; called mFOLFOX6) would improve outcomes in patients with stage III colon cancer with mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) status is unclear.

Transdermal estradiol (tE2) is an alternative to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists as androgen-deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. With tE2, testosterone is suppressed, and the side effects of estrogen depletion due to LHRH agonists and the thromboembolic side effects of oral estrogen are mitigated.

The KRAS p.G12D variant occurs in 5% of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is the most common substitution variant in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, occurring in 40% of patients, but no targeted therapies directed against this variant are currently approved for clinical use. Setidegrasib (ASP3082) is a first-in-class KRAS G12D-targeted protein degrader.

Enlicitide decanoate, an oral proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, was shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in a phase 2 trial; longer-term data are needed.