To develop a deep learning (DL)-based automated segmentation model for rectal cancer on T2-weighted (T2W) magnetic resonance (MR) images.

There is a lack of consensus and data validating lower cell counts for sample adequacy of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA). We investigated less stringent adequacy thresholds under the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) and evaluated malignancy risks for "nondiagnostic" nodules by ultrasound features.

N7-methylguanosine (m7G) is an important RNA modification involved in the regulation of gene expression during transcription. While its roles in mRNAs and tRNAs are increasingly understood, the distribution and function of m7G in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), particularly in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remain poorly understood. This study aimed to systematically characterize the m7G methylation landscape of lncRNAs in OSCC and investigate the oncogenic function and regulatory mechanism of the m7G-modified lncRNA DPY19L1P1.

Developing therapy resistance and exhibiting high invasiveness are significant challenges in treating aggressive cancers, such as glioblastoma, where intercellular communication plays a crucial role in cellular organization, survival, and resistance to treatment. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), nanometer-sized membranous channels that connect distant cells, have emerged as an efficient form of intercellular communication that may enable cancer cells to evade therapeutic interventions.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor among women worldwide. Its progression is driven, in part, by mitochondrial metabolic dysregulation, which can also contribute to therapeutic resistance. Although targeting mitochondrial metabolism offers new opportunities for treatment, significant therapeutic challenges remain. These include metabolic heterogeneity among subtypes and individual patients, drug resistance arising from metabolic plasticity, and suboptimal clinical translation of metabolic therapies. This review systematically synthesizes the mitochondrial metabolic mechanisms underlying different breast cancer subtypes, emphasizing the spatial network regulatory functions of mitochondrial metabolism. It further critically evaluates combined therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities. By integrating current research limitations with emerging breakthroughs, we outline novel therapeutic frameworks to advance the development of precision medicine approaches focused on mitochondrial metabolism.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive and molecularly diverse hematologic malignancy with unfavorable clinical outcomes and limited options for targeted therapy. This study investigated whether polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1), an RNA-binding protein (RBP), affects AML progression by binding to WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1).

Centromere protein A (CENPA) is a histone H3 variant essential for centromere function and has been implicated in tumorigenesis in several cancers. However, its clinical significance and biological role in endometrial cancer (EC) remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to elucidate the oncogenic function and underlying mechanisms of CENPA in EC progression.

Collagen type XI alpha 1 (COL11A1) is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and is often associated with poor survival, chemoresistance, and tumor recurrence. However, the role of COL11A1 in pancreatic cancer remains poorly understood.

Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most frequently diagnosed malignancies worldwide. Identifying novel therapeutic targets is of great significance.

Thyroid collision tumors (TCTs) are rare thyroid malignancies characterized by the coexistence of distinct tumor types. We investigated the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and gene mutations to comprehensively characterize the heterogeneity of TCTs.

Melanoma, an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis, is difficult for early diagnosis, and there are limited drug treatments. Biologically active molecules, especially polyphenols and flavonoids, have a great therapeutic potential; however, their applications are limited by low aqueous solubility and bioavailability.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells whose excessive immunoglobulin production elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoting pathogenesis. Active compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine, such as celastrol, can exert antitumour effects by further increasing ROS levels to toxic levels, thereby inducing apoptosis. Our previous study has demonstrated that pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) is the specific target of celastrol. In this study, we discovered that PNPO, a key enzyme involved in vitamin B6 coenzyme metabolism, is highly expressed in various cancers, including MM. Increased PNPO levels correlated with MM disease progression, promoting cell proliferation and inducing osteoclast differentiation via exosomes. Concurrently, through a structure-based virtual screening workflow targeting critical PNPO residues (R95 and K117), we identified Hetrombopag as a potential PNPO inhibitor. Hetrombopag simultaneously inhibited MM cell proliferation and osteoclast differentiation. Preliminary data from clinical trials also supported the idea that hetrombopag treatment can prolong survival in MM patients. Our research highlights the significant role of PNPO in MM progression and suggests hetrombopag as a promising therapeutic option for MM treatment.

Prostate cancer comprises biologically distinct subtypes. Ki67 reflects tumour proliferation, while prostate-specific antigen immunostaining (PSA-IHC) indicates differentiation, with low PSA-IHC suggesting dedifferentiation. The prognostic role of these markers in de novo metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) remains unclear.

Although radical perineal prostatectomy is performed less frequently, it represents a minimally invasive open approach that avoids the retropubic space and extensive pelvic dissection. Its longterm oncologic and functional equivalence to standard retropubic prostatectomy has not been adequately evaluated in randomized cohorts.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs), originating from mesenchymal cells, are rare neoplasms with intermediate biological potential. Despite being predominantly benign, they can progress to locally aggressive disease and may recur over time. IMTs are predominantly seen in the pediatric population, making our case of IMT in an older adult even rarer. A 67-year-old female with a 42-pack-year smoking history presented with cough, fever, and progressively worsening exertional dyspnea. Imaging studies, including chest X-ray followed by chest computed tomography, identified a right lower lobe lung nodule without evidence of metastasis. Subsequent evaluation with robotic bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound revealed densely cellular reactive lung tissue on lymph node biopsy. Ultimately, the patient underwent a robotic-assisted right lower lobectomy. Final pathology confirmed the diagnosis of an IMT. IMTs are characterized by the presence of spindle cells associated with dense monomorphic inflammatory cells. It has been found that IMT arises from chromosomal rearrangements that aberrantly activate various kinase signaling pathways. This understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying IMT development has elucidated the neoplastic nature of the disease and has also been pivotal in distinguishing IMT from other inflammatory pseudotumors. Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment, with targeted therapies offering promising results for unresectable or advanced cases. IMTs pose a multifaceted challenge in clinical practice due to their diverse clinical manifestations, histopathological variability, and unclear etiopathogenesis, underscoring the need for continued research and a multidisciplinary approach to optimize patient outcomes.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor among pediatric cancers and accounts for approximately 15% of childhood cancer-related deaths. Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinases (NTRKs) are genes that play critical roles in the development and function of the nervous system. Therefore, elucidating the role of NTRKs in NB is important for both understanding basic biological mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic approaches. Specifically, NTRK fusions are being investigated as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for targeted therapy strategies. The tumor-agnostic TRK inhibitors larotrectinib and entrectinib are used to treat advanced or metastatic solid tumors with NTRK gene fusions. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 point mutations, gene fusions, and protein expression, and to assess the effectiveness of these in guiding targeted therapy decisions in NB.

Single-stranded DNA gaps (ssDNA gaps) have emerged as a potential indicator of therapeutic response in cancer. Accumulation of ssDNA gaps is associated with increased sensitivity of cancer cells to genotoxic therapies like PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and cisplatin chemotherapy. However, efficient repair or suppression of ssDNA gap formation is associated with therapy resistance and treatment failure. Therefore, understanding how ssDNA gaps form and are repaired can help identify biomarkers that can guide new treatment strategies to overcome resistance. In this review, we discuss different sources of ssDNA gap formation and the repair mechanisms that have been characterized to date. We bring together current knowledge on how these gaps are processed and what their ultimate fate may be. Finally, we discuss how established drugs like PARPi, hydroxyurea, and platinum compounds, induce and/or exploit ssDNA gaps. Throughout this review, we highlight ssDNA gaps as a potential therapeutic vulnerability that can be used to advance personalized cancer therapy.

Accurate preoperative staging is essential for rectal cancer treatment. The revolutionary approach to treating rectal cancer is neoadjuvant treatment (NAT). NAT has a significant effect on local recurrence even though it has no effect on overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS). This is where preoperative Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comes in, helping to accurately stage the T and N stage and categorize patients for either upfront surgery or NAT. This study aims to compare the preoperative local MRI staging of rectal cancer with postopera-tive histopathology. This cross-sectional study comprised of patients with rectal cancer, who admitted to Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), within the period of January 2023 to December 2023. After diagnosis of rectal cancer preoperative local staging was done by MRI. Ac-cording to stage treatment was given. MRI T and N stage was compared with post operative his-topathology. Among the 45 patients 64.44% (n=29) patients were male. Mean age was 41.5 years. Patients (n=14) who had NAT had ypT downstaging in 43.0% (n=6) cases and among them two patients had pathological complete response (pCR). In this NAT group of patients 64.0% (n=9) did not re-spond to NAT. Patients who had upfront surgery (n=31) MRI successfully matches the histo-pathology in 87.0% (n=27) cases. To identify the correct nodal involvement in this upfront group MRI had 67.0% (n=21) success rate. MRI had 90.0% accuracy in identification of MRF involvement preoperatively. There was no correlation between tumor grade and CEA level. MRI is highly accurate in preoperative T and reasonably accurate in N staging for rectal cancer. Its accuracy in diagnosis influences treatment choices, providing physicians with a thorough understanding of the distinctive characteristics of the disease and enhancing the standard of care.

Breast discharge represents the third most common reason women seek medical attention for breast-related concerns. A triple assessment is recommended for additional screening in cases of suspected ductal illness if there is nipple discharge. This study aimed to evaluate the different clinical characteristics of ductal breast disease in relation to Triple Assessment (Clinical examination, Imaging, Histopathology). This cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 purposively included female patients presented with nipple discharge (ND) selected from both Outdoor and Indoor Department of Surgery, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH), Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Data regarding clinical, biochemical and surgical profiles were recorded. Informed written consent was taken from all the patients before data collection. Data was collected from May 2019 to October 2019. In descriptive statistics, the frequency distribution was done using STATA-18. The findings of the Triple assessment were categorized as malignant and non-malignant using the chi-squared test. All statistical tests were two-tailed. A p-value of 0.05 or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Age 40 years or above (p<0.001), presence of a breast lump (p<0.001), micro-calcification found in mammography (p<0.001) and suspected malignancy in ultrasonography (p<0.001), bloody nipple discharge (p<0.001) were found statistically significant in association with malignancy compared to benign lesions. Triple assessment can help to assess high-risk patients, requiring careful treatment to rule out malignancy. Patients aged 40 years or more with the presence of breast lump and bloody discharge are at high risk of cancer. The risk of underlying cancer can be precisely established by applying the methodical, gold standard approach of Triple Assessment.

Various tumors can involve the orbital space. Although orbital tumors are rare, these sight-threatening and possibly life-threatening disorders consist of a broad disease spectrum. The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of orbital tumors presenting in a tertiary eye care centre and evaluate their Demographic pattern and Clinical findings. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Oculoplasty, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute & Hospital from August 2019 to July 2020. 30 patients were selected of all age and sex presented with primary orbital tumors during study period. All patient was examined properly. Their demographic, clinical, radiological and histopathological data was collected. Total 30 patients meet the inclusion criteria. Among them 8 cases were diagnosed by clinical & radiological examinations. Twenty two (22) cases were diagnosed by histopathology. Among 30 diagnosed patients 16 patients were male and 14 patients were female. Age range of 30 patients were 1 months to 60 years. 1-10 years category 13 patients, 11-20 years 4 patients, 21-30 years 1 patients, 31-40 years 3 patients, 41-50 years 0 patients and 50+ years 9 patients. 09 patients were diagnosed as malignant neoplasm and other 21 patients were diagnosed as benign neoplasm. Among 9 malignant neoplasms 8 cases are diagnosed as NHL and rest one was Adenoid cystic carcinoma. Among 21 benign cases 6 were diagnosed as dermoid cyst, 4 cases were diagnosed as orbital lymphangioma, 2 cases were diagnosed as orbital capillary hemangioma, 2 cases Optic nerve glioma and plexiform neurofibroma, optic nerve meningioma, pleomorphic adenoma, schwannoma, glomus tumor, Langerhans cell histiocytoma, cavernous hemangioma one case each. The age distribution of diagnosed 30 patients exhibited two peaks, at 0 to 10 years (13 patients) and 50+ years (9 patients). In the 0- to 9-year-old patients, the most common tumors were dermoid cyst 6 patients and in 50+ years patient age group most common diagnosis was NHL (8 patients). The most common sign and symptom were proptosis (76.66%), palpable mass (73.33%) and restricted ocular movement 46.66%. A wide range of tumors can involve the orbit. The prevalence of malignant tumors increased with age, and in younger age group vascular and cystic tumors are more common. Most common malignancy is NHL occurs in older age group and most common benign orbital tumor is dermoid cyst occurs in younger age group. Among all tumors proptosis, palpable mass and restricted movement was the most common presenting features.