Moxibustion therapy is an important traditional non-pharmacological treatment in traditional medicine for improving chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression. By reviewing recent studies on moxibustion intervention for chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression, this article summarized and analyzed the current research status. In clinical studies, moxibustion therapy that tonifies the spleen, nourishes the kidneys, warms yang, and nourishes blood has been verified to be effective for chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression, but the efficacy may vary among individuals receiving different chemotherapy regimens. Experimental studies have shown that moxibustion therapy primarily improves chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression by repairing bone marrow tissue structure, increasing the amounts of hematopoietic stem cells, improving bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment, repairing bone marrow cell DNA, and regulating signaling pathways such as Notch, Wnt, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/ mammalian target protein of rapamycin and other signaling pathways. Future research can further systematically reveal the mechanisms of moxibustion therapy, such as alleviating hematopoietic stem cell aging induced by chemotherapy, regulating miRNAs to improve bone marrow suppression, and investigate the sensitivity of patients with bone marrow suppression caused by different chemotherapy regimens to moxibustion therapy, in order to complete and standardize the application protocols of moxibustion.

To investigate the biological activity and antitumor effect of pegylated recombinant human interleukin 2 (PEG-rhIL-2) obtained by site-specific conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with non-natural amino acids, and to explore its antitumor mechanism.

Immune checkpoints include a series of receptor-ligand pairs that play a key role in the proliferation, activation, and immune regulatory responses of immune cells. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have achieved good therapeutic effects in clinical practice, some patients still experience ineffective treatment and immune resistance. A large amount of evidence has shown that immune checkpoint proteins are related to cell metabolism during immune regulation. On the one hand, immune checkpoints connect to alter the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells to compete for nutrients required by immune cells. On the other hand, immune checkpoints regulate the metabolic pathways of immune cells, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) to affect the activation of immune cells. Based on a review of the literature, this article reviews the mechanisms by which PD-1, CTLA-4, T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) regulate cell metabolic reprogramming, and looks forward to whether targeting the ligand-receptor pairs of immune checkpoints in a "dual regulation" manner and inhibiting metabolic pathways can effectively solve the problem of tumor immune resistance.
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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of venetoclax in combination with multidrug chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) . Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data was performed on patients with newly diagnosed ALAL who were hospitalized at Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital from June 2021 to July 2024. Of the 13 patients who received initial induction therapy with venetoclax combined with multidrug chemotherapy, 8 received VAA+P regimen, and 5 received V+IA regimen. Patients with FLT3 mutation were treated with FLT3 inhibitor, and Ph(+) patients received an additional tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and adverse events were analyzed. Results: According to the World Health Organization 5th edition of the classification of hematolymphoid tumors, the immunophenotypes were T/myeloid mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) (n=4), B/myeloid MPAL (n=7), and ALAL- not otherwise specified (n=2). Of the seven patients with B/myeloid MPAL, four were Ph(+) and belonged to the group with specific gene abnormalities of ALAL. Three patients had FLT3 mutation (one with FLT3-TKD mutation and two with FLT3-ITD mutation). Prior to the second course of consolidation therapy, the efficacy of venetoclax induction therapy was evaluated, and a complete response rate of 100% was achieved in 13 patients. In the subsequent consolidation therapy phase, one patient discontinued treatment and was lost to follow-up; nine patients underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, four of whom died due to posttransplant complications and five achieved DFS. Of the three patients (≥70 years old) who received consolidation therapy as before, two achieved DFS and one died due to central nervous system leukemia. The median OS time was not reached in 13 patients; the 75th percentile survival time was 12.0 months, with a 12-month cumulative survival rate of 64.5%. The median DFS time was not reached in all patients; the 75th percentile DFS time was 8.2 months, with a 12-month cumulative DFS rate of 67.1%. All patients experienced grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity, including neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, during and after induction therapy. All patients recovered hematopoietic function after the initial induction therapy, with no fatal hemorrhage, tumor lysis syndrome, neurological adverse events, or grade 3 or higher organ toxicity, excluding preexisting conditions. Conclusion: Venetoclax in combination with multidrug chemotherapy was effective and associated with tolerable adverse reactions in patients with newly diagnosed ALAL.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. The primary reasons for treatment failure in lung cancer patients are tumor invasion and drug resistance, particularly resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant targeted therapy, which considerably undermine the therapeutic outcomes for those with advanced lung cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves as a crucial biological process closely associated with physiological or pathological processes such as tissue embryogenesis, organogenesis, wound repair, and tumor invasion. Numerous studies have indicated that EMT, mediated through various signaling pathways, plays a pivotal role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of lung cancer, while it is also closely associated with drug resistance in lung cancer cells. Therefore, research focusing on the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology related to EMT can contribute to reversing drug resistance in drug treatment for lung cancer, thereby improving prognosis. This article reviews the progress in research on EMT in the invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of lung cancer based on relevant domestic and international literature.

To observe the effects of moxibustion combined with chemotherapy on immune checkpoints including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain (TIM-3) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) in the tumor tissue of breast cancer-bearing mice, so as to explore the effect and mechanisms of moxibustion combined with chemotherapy on breast cancer.

In the real world, the plasma drug concentration range of Icotinib treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not yet clear, and there may be a correlation between drug concentration and its efficacy, as well as adverse reactions. This study conducted therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of Icotinib. The aim of this study was to analyze the drug exposure of Icotinib in targeted therapy for NSCLC, and to investigate the relationship between Icotinib drug concentration and its efficacy and safety.

Lung cancer is one of the most malignant tumor, representing a significant threat to human health. In China, its mortality rate is the highest among all malignant tumors. The occurrence of drug resistance has resulted in unfavourable prognosis for patients with lung cancer, and overcoming drug resistance is a significant challenge that needs to be addressed. Nano-drug delivery technology has been an important approach to overcome drug resistance in lung cancer. Targeting to the mechanisms of drug resistance, by enabling the combined delivery of drugs, increasing the efficiency of drug delivery and improving the targeting and safety of drugs, nano-drug delivery technology offers a novel approach to tackling drug resistance in lung cancer. This paper describes the current status of lung cancer treatment, mechanisms of drug resistance, strategies to overcome drug resistance, and the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. In addition, it summarizes the recent research progress on the application of nano-drug delivery technology to overcome drug resistance in lung cancer. Finally, the current prospects and challenges of nano-drug delivery technology are discussed.
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Mutations in the structural domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase represent a critical pathogenetic factor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Small-molecule EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) serve as first-line therapeutic agents for the treatment of EGFR-mutated NSCLC. But the resistance mutations of EGFR restrict the clinical application of EGFR-TKIs. In this study, we constructed a clinically relevant PC-9 EGFRD19/T790M/C797S cellular model featuring the mutation type within the EGFRD19/T790M/C797S. This model aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of small-molecule EGFR-TKIs and to provide a cellular platform for developing a new generation of innovative drugs that target resistance associated with EGFR mutations.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) significantly improves survival in a number of cancer patients by blocking immunosuppressive molecules and reactivating the function of effector T cells to specifically kil tumor cells. This article reports a case of secondary hypoadrenocorticism caused by programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor related hypophysitis. A 65-year-old male patient received immunotherapy for right lung squamous cell carcinoma invading the chest wall (cT4N2M0) for 4 times. Two weeks after the last immunotherapy treatment, the patient experienced poor appetite and fatigue. Examination results indicated severe hyponatremia, and there was no improvement even after repeated supplementation with high-concentration sodium chloride. After further examination, glucocorticoid supplementation was given to the patient and his clinical symptoms were significantly improved. It is recommended that patients receiving ICPis should be asked in detail about their medical history before initiating treatment, baseline screening should be carried out reasonably, and regular follow-up about endocrine gland hormone and related biochemical indexes after treatment should be carried out. Meanwhile, it is necessary to pay attention to the related symptoms and signs of patients in order to find endocrine gland adverse reactions in time.

Pembrolizumab (PEM) has been shown to be effective in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but clinical trials were based on cohorts of patients selected on specific criteria, and whether the findings are consistent with real-world patients is debatable. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PEM in the treatment of advanced NSCLC based on real-world data.

To investigate the clinical efficacy of heat-sensitive moxibustion combined with intrapleural perfusion of cisplatin in comparison with simple intrapleural perfusion of cisplatin on malignant pleural effusion (MPE).

The malignant tumor that has the highest global morbidity and death rate is lung cancer, which primarily affects the elderly. The therapy landscape for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has transformed with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of immune monotherapy and immunotheray combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC aged 75 years and above.

In order to obtain more effective cell culture parameters of Taxus anticancer plants, we optimized the callus induction and subculture conditions of the explants (stem segments with buds) of the anticancer medicinal plant Taxus media by using the plant tissue culture technology and orthogonal test. Furthermore, we studied the method to inhibit browning in the culture. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for inducing callus was culture in the medium composed of B5+0.25 mg/L 2, 4-D+1.5 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L KT in the dark, which showed short induction time and a high induction rate (86.7%). The formula of the optimal medium for subculture was B5+0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D+2.0 mg/L NAA+1.5 mg/L KT.The proliferation multiple of callus cultured by subculture on the 10th day of callus growth was the highest. Activated carbon inhibited the browning in callus subculture, with the optimal inhibitory concentration of 0.8 g/L. The results of this study lay a foundation for the production of taxol by suspension culture of T. media cells.

Microbial resources are diverse and abundant, serving as a crucial source for the discovery of bioactive substances. However, as the research on microbial secondary metabolites deepens, discovering new microorganisms and novel bioactive secondary metabolites from conventional environments is becoming increasingly challenging. The microorganisms inhabiting extreme environments have unique physiological characteristics and can develop distinctive metabolic pathways, holding immense potential for producing chemically diverse and novel bioactive secondary metabolites. This article comprehensively overviews the recent advancements in the isolation strategies of microorganisms from extreme environments and the research progress in their bioactive substances, including antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant compounds. This review aims to serve as a reference for the development and utilization and the related studies of the microbial resources in extreme environments.

With the continuous development and maturity of anti-tumor immunotherapy technology, immune checkpoint inhibitors as one of the main methods of immunotherapy were increasingly widely used in clinical tumor cases, bringing new hope for many advanced cancer patients with poor response to traditional treatment, but at the same time, reported on adverse reactions of various organs related to this were also increasing, and the immune damage caused by them was harmful to patients, especially immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonia, immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis and immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated encephalitis, which could even seriously endangered the lives of patients. Therefore, it was necessary for clinicians to fully understand and master the mechanism, clinical characteristics, laboratory and imaging examination characteristics, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis conditions, and treatment principles of adverse reactions that may be caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors, so as to find a more optimized anti-tumor treatment regimen and actively prepared for the treatment of possible immune-related adverse reactions. In this paper, we reported a case of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated severe pneumonia, referred to the relevant guidelines, introduced its clinical features, laboratory and imaging findings, difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and treatment process, briefly analyzed the causes, and reviewed the possibility of immune-related pneumonia should be considered when respiratory symptoms occurred in patients receiving immunotherapy; the increased ratio of blood neutrophil count to lymphocyte count, and the increased ratio of eosinophil count to lymphocyte count could be used as indicators to indicate immune-related adverse reactions in patients; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and bronchoscopy and lung biopsy were helpful for the diagnosis; when immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated severe pneumonia occurred, in addition to symptomatic and sup-portive treatment, adequate glucocorticoid-based immunosuppressive therapy should be given in time, and combined with cytokines monoclonal antibodies and other biological agents, immunoglobulin co-therapy, but the current indications for the use of biological agents were not fully clear, and the use of high-dose immunosuppressive drugs might cause the risk of severe infection. Therefore, according to the relevant literature and the findings in the process of clinical diagnosis and treatment, this paper proposed that the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP and other inflammatory mediators in patients may be used as a quantitative indication to initiate biological agent therapy and accumulate experience for better solving similar problems in the future.

Microspheres are a novel drug delivery system, which provides a new approach for cancer therapy. Anti-cancer agents loaded in microspheres can be released in a controlled and sustained pattern, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and reducing the side effects and toxicity. The preparation methods for drug delivery microspheres include solvent evaporation, phase separation, spray drying, and microfluidic technology, each of these have advantages and limitations. Based on the preparation materials, drug delivery microspheres can be categorized into natural polymer microspheres, synthetic polymer microspheres and bioceramic microspheres. Natural polymer micro-spheres have good biocompatibility and degradability; synthetic polymer microspheres exhibit superior mechanical properties; bioceramic microspheres have good biocompatibility and specific biological functions, which are widely used in bone tissue engineering. Drug delivery microspheres are used for cancer treatment in various modalities, including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, radioembolization, and immunotherapy, as well as chemotherapy. This article reviews the recent progress of microspheres as nano drug delivery system in cancer treatment to provide a reference for further clinical and translation research.

To investigate the effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) for enhancing the inhibitory effect of cisplatin (DDP) on DDP-resistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE1/DDP and explore the mechanism.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), one of the most common types of leukemia, is characterized by its high malignancy and rapid progression with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. The incidence and mortality rates of AML are increasing with age. Over the past few decades, progress in AML treatment has been relatively slow. While traditional approaches such as chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have significant limitations including treatment toxicity and chemotherapy resistance, recent advancements in the in-depth study of AML mechanisms have made targeted therapy a new option for AML treatment. Metabolic reprogramming is one of the key features of cancer, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been widely studied in various cancers. Mitochondrial dysfunction is prevalent in AML cells and closely associated with the development of AML. The AML cells exhibit significant differences from normal hematopoietic cells in energy metabolism, autophagy, apoptosis, and other aspects. Given that mitochondria are at the core of cellular energy metabolism, inhibiting pathways related to mitochondrial function holds significant potential for AML treatment. This review aims to explore recent advances on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in AML cell survival, potential therapeutic targets in mitochondria, and related targeted drugs, aiming to provide ideas for the development of targeted therapies for AML.

With the rapid development of traditional Chinese medicine and the continuous discovery of various anticancer effects of salidroside (sal), it is known that sal inhibits tumor proliferation, invasion and migration by inducing apoptosis and autophagy, regulating the cell cycle, modulating the tumor microenvironment, and controlling cancer-related signaling pathways and molecules. The microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA signaling axis can regulate the expression of target mRNAs by altering miRNA expression, thereby affecting the growth cycle, proliferation, and metabolism of cancer cells. Studies have shown that sal can influence the occurrence and progression of various malignant tumors through the miRNA-mRNA signaling axis, inhibiting the progression of lung cancer, gastric cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with a notable time and dose dependence in its antitumor effects. Summarizing the specific mechanism of sal regulating miRNA-mRNA signaling axis to inhibit tumors in recent years can provide a new theoretical basis, diagnosis, and therapeutic methods for the research on prevention and treatment of tumors.