Antineoplastic drugs have clear health hazards to the human body. In recent years, the scale of use of antineoplastic drugs had continued to expand, and the occupational exposure risk of medical personnel had also increased, which had attracted widespread attention. Taking effective measures to prevent occupational exposure can protect the health of medical personnel. This article reviewed the laws, regulations, guidelines, and industry guidance documents on occupational exposure prevention and control of antineoplastic drugs issued by relevant departments and associations in China. It summarized the scientific management experience of antineoplastic drugs in China, with the aim of reducing the occupational exposure risk of antineoplastic drugs in the future, and assisting the healthy development of China's medical and health industry.

Moxibustion therapy is an important traditional non-pharmacological treatment in traditional medicine for improving chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression. By reviewing recent studies on moxibustion intervention for chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression, this article summarized and analyzed the current research status. In clinical studies, moxibustion therapy that tonifies the spleen, nourishes the kidneys, warms yang, and nourishes blood has been verified to be effective for chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression, but the efficacy may vary among individuals receiving different chemotherapy regimens. Experimental studies have shown that moxibustion therapy primarily improves chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression by repairing bone marrow tissue structure, increasing the amounts of hematopoietic stem cells, improving bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment, repairing bone marrow cell DNA, and regulating signaling pathways such as Notch, Wnt, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/ mammalian target protein of rapamycin and other signaling pathways. Future research can further systematically reveal the mechanisms of moxibustion therapy, such as alleviating hematopoietic stem cell aging induced by chemotherapy, regulating miRNAs to improve bone marrow suppression, and investigate the sensitivity of patients with bone marrow suppression caused by different chemotherapy regimens to moxibustion therapy, in order to complete and standardize the application protocols of moxibustion.

Immune checkpoints include a series of receptor-ligand pairs that play a key role in the proliferation, activation, and immune regulatory responses of immune cells. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have achieved good therapeutic effects in clinical practice, some patients still experience ineffective treatment and immune resistance. A large amount of evidence has shown that immune checkpoint proteins are related to cell metabolism during immune regulation. On the one hand, immune checkpoints connect to alter the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells to compete for nutrients required by immune cells. On the other hand, immune checkpoints regulate the metabolic pathways of immune cells, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) to affect the activation of immune cells. Based on a review of the literature, this article reviews the mechanisms by which PD-1, CTLA-4, T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) regulate cell metabolic reprogramming, and looks forward to whether targeting the ligand-receptor pairs of immune checkpoints in a "dual regulation" manner and inhibiting metabolic pathways can effectively solve the problem of tumor immune resistance.
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Taxanes are essential chemotherapy agents for breast cancer treatment. However, patients frequently experience chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) during their course of treatment. Cryotherapy is a non-pharmacological approach that has been explored for its potential effects on preventing or improving CIPN. However, although several studies have reported on the effects of cryotherapy, no comprehensive review has been conducted to confirm its benefits.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. The primary reasons for treatment failure in lung cancer patients are tumor invasion and drug resistance, particularly resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant targeted therapy, which considerably undermine the therapeutic outcomes for those with advanced lung cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves as a crucial biological process closely associated with physiological or pathological processes such as tissue embryogenesis, organogenesis, wound repair, and tumor invasion. Numerous studies have indicated that EMT, mediated through various signaling pathways, plays a pivotal role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of lung cancer, while it is also closely associated with drug resistance in lung cancer cells. Therefore, research focusing on the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology related to EMT can contribute to reversing drug resistance in drug treatment for lung cancer, thereby improving prognosis. This article reviews the progress in research on EMT in the invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of lung cancer based on relevant domestic and international literature.

Chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) is one of the most common complications in cancer patients. If CIA treatment is not effective, it will affect the normal implementation of chemotherapy regimens, and reduce the quality of life of patients and shorten clinical survival. At present, CIA has serious shortcomings in treatment rate and unsatisfactory therapeutic effect. It is often forced to reduce the dose of chemotherapy or delay chemotherapy due to anemia that cannot be rapidly and effectively treated in clinical practice. These problems are mainly related to factors such as complex etiology of the disease, late timing of clinical intervention, and certain limitations in existing treatment options. Therefore, disease management needs to further strengthen the concept of early diagnosis and early treatment to avoid the increased clinical burden due to the severity of anemia. Meanwhile, with the in-depth understanding of the mechanism of anemia, new drug research and development based on the comprehensive regulatory mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) has begun in clinical practice. A phase Ⅲ clinical study of Roxostat in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anemia in patients with non-medullary malignancies was presented at the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) conference in 2023. This hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF-PHI) drug is an oral preparation, which has shown good efficacy and safety in the study, and has superior compliance compared with recombinant human erythropoietin-α (rHuEPO-α). Starting from the re-understanding of the mechanism of CIA, this review analyzes the current diagnosis and treatment dilemmas of CIA, puts forward suggestions in combination with the "Guildlines of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) clinical practice in tumor-related anemia (2024)", and introduces and looks forward to HIF-PHI, a new therapeutic drug in the future.

Lung cancer is one of the most malignant tumor, representing a significant threat to human health. In China, its mortality rate is the highest among all malignant tumors. The occurrence of drug resistance has resulted in unfavourable prognosis for patients with lung cancer, and overcoming drug resistance is a significant challenge that needs to be addressed. Nano-drug delivery technology has been an important approach to overcome drug resistance in lung cancer. Targeting to the mechanisms of drug resistance, by enabling the combined delivery of drugs, increasing the efficiency of drug delivery and improving the targeting and safety of drugs, nano-drug delivery technology offers a novel approach to tackling drug resistance in lung cancer. This paper describes the current status of lung cancer treatment, mechanisms of drug resistance, strategies to overcome drug resistance, and the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. In addition, it summarizes the recent research progress on the application of nano-drug delivery technology to overcome drug resistance in lung cancer. Finally, the current prospects and challenges of nano-drug delivery technology are discussed.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) significantly improves survival in a number of cancer patients by blocking immunosuppressive molecules and reactivating the function of effector T cells to specifically kil tumor cells. This article reports a case of secondary hypoadrenocorticism caused by programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor related hypophysitis. A 65-year-old male patient received immunotherapy for right lung squamous cell carcinoma invading the chest wall (cT4N2M0) for 4 times. Two weeks after the last immunotherapy treatment, the patient experienced poor appetite and fatigue. Examination results indicated severe hyponatremia, and there was no improvement even after repeated supplementation with high-concentration sodium chloride. After further examination, glucocorticoid supplementation was given to the patient and his clinical symptoms were significantly improved. It is recommended that patients receiving ICPis should be asked in detail about their medical history before initiating treatment, baseline screening should be carried out reasonably, and regular follow-up about endocrine gland hormone and related biochemical indexes after treatment should be carried out. Meanwhile, it is necessary to pay attention to the related symptoms and signs of patients in order to find endocrine gland adverse reactions in time.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), as a new type of targeted therapeutic drugs, have demonstrated durable efficacy in cancer treatment. However, some patients receiving ICI treatment may be affected by immune-related adverse events (irAE). Compared with irAE in skin tissues, gastrointestinal system, etc., irAE in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system are relatively rare. The reported irAE in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system mainly include myasthenia gravis, orbital extraocular myositis, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy-like conditions, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, Miller-Fisher syndrome, and cranial nerve adverse events. Exploring the possible mechanisms and potential intervention measures of irAE in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system is crucial for predicting the risk of irAE in patients, formulating preventive measures, and implementing more effective clinical treatments. This review aims to summarize the occurrence mechanisms, clinical features, and prevention and treatment measures of irAE in the neuro-ophthalmic efferent system, so as to assist ophthalmologists and oncologists in the early diagnosis and management of such patients.

Head and neck tumors are one of the major diseases that threaten human health. Targeted chemotherapy is an important treatment for head and neck tumors. However, many anti-cancer drugs are difficult to reach effective concentrations in tumors and can cause damage to normal tissues. Therefore, the efficient delivery of anti-tumor drugs, improvement of their therapeutic effects, and reduction of their adverse effects on the whole body and locally are urgent issues in targeted drug research. Liposomes have been widely studied due to their unique characteristics, including amphiphilicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. This article outlines the current applications and prospects of liposome drug delivery systems in different treatment modalities for head and neck tumors in recent years, aiming to provide more options for the treatment of head and neck tumors.

Hazardous drugs represented by antineoplastic drugs have clear health hazards to occupational exposed populations, and this issue has received widespread attention all over the world in recent years. This article reviewed the laws, regulations, guidelines, and industry guidance documents for the prevention and control of occupational exposure to hazardous drugs issued by relevant departments and associations in the United States. It could provide a reference basis for the development of occupational environmental health standards and protection guidelines, with the aim of reducing the risk of occupational exposure to hazardous drugs and promoting the healthy development of healthcare services in China.

Microbial resources are diverse and abundant, serving as a crucial source for the discovery of bioactive substances. However, as the research on microbial secondary metabolites deepens, discovering new microorganisms and novel bioactive secondary metabolites from conventional environments is becoming increasingly challenging. The microorganisms inhabiting extreme environments have unique physiological characteristics and can develop distinctive metabolic pathways, holding immense potential for producing chemically diverse and novel bioactive secondary metabolites. This article comprehensively overviews the recent advancements in the isolation strategies of microorganisms from extreme environments and the research progress in their bioactive substances, including antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant compounds. This review aims to serve as a reference for the development and utilization and the related studies of the microbial resources in extreme environments.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms are a group of heterogeneous tumors originating from the neuroendocrine system, which can occur in any part of the body. Pulmonary and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are the most common. In recent years, the global incidence of neuroendocrine tumors has increased more significantly than other types of tumors, especially in the past 40 years. The drug treatment of neuroendocrine tumors includes somatostatin analogues, anti-angiogenesis targeting drugs, nuclide therapy and chemotherapy. Surufatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors that targets for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR1-3), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), and colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), has received approval in 2020 and 2021 for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic, progressive nonfunctional, well-differentiated (G1, G2) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of both pancreatic and extrapancreatic origin that are unresectable. Ongoing exploratory studies are investigating its potential application in other tumor types. Common adverse reactions observed during surufatinib treatment include hypertension, proteinuria, bleeding events, and hepatic lab test abnormal and diarrhea. Chinese multidisciplinary expert consensus on the rational use of surufatinib in clinical practice (2024 edition) aims to provide standardized guidance for its rational use and enhance patient compliance to maximize therapeutic benefits.

Microspheres are a novel drug delivery system, which provides a new approach for cancer therapy. Anti-cancer agents loaded in microspheres can be released in a controlled and sustained pattern, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and reducing the side effects and toxicity. The preparation methods for drug delivery microspheres include solvent evaporation, phase separation, spray drying, and microfluidic technology, each of these have advantages and limitations. Based on the preparation materials, drug delivery microspheres can be categorized into natural polymer microspheres, synthetic polymer microspheres and bioceramic microspheres. Natural polymer micro-spheres have good biocompatibility and degradability; synthetic polymer microspheres exhibit superior mechanical properties; bioceramic microspheres have good biocompatibility and specific biological functions, which are widely used in bone tissue engineering. Drug delivery microspheres are used for cancer treatment in various modalities, including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, radioembolization, and immunotherapy, as well as chemotherapy. This article reviews the recent progress of microspheres as nano drug delivery system in cancer treatment to provide a reference for further clinical and translation research.

Neovascular retinal diseases pose a significant burden, often resulting in visual impairment. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs serves as the primary therapeutic approach. Nonetheless, certain patients necessitate continued anti-VEGF treatment post-vitrectomy or other ocular surgeries. Emerging evidence suggests that variations in surgical techniques and postoperative vitreous cavity management may induce distinct intraocular pharmacokinetics (PK) of anti-VEGF agents following vitrectomy, prompting potential adjustments in therapeutic strategies. This review offers a thorough examination of the pharmacokinetic determinants impacting anti-VEGF drugs and their intraocular dynamics post-vitrectomy.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), one of the most common types of leukemia, is characterized by its high malignancy and rapid progression with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. The incidence and mortality rates of AML are increasing with age. Over the past few decades, progress in AML treatment has been relatively slow. While traditional approaches such as chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have significant limitations including treatment toxicity and chemotherapy resistance, recent advancements in the in-depth study of AML mechanisms have made targeted therapy a new option for AML treatment. Metabolic reprogramming is one of the key features of cancer, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been widely studied in various cancers. Mitochondrial dysfunction is prevalent in AML cells and closely associated with the development of AML. The AML cells exhibit significant differences from normal hematopoietic cells in energy metabolism, autophagy, apoptosis, and other aspects. Given that mitochondria are at the core of cellular energy metabolism, inhibiting pathways related to mitochondrial function holds significant potential for AML treatment. This review aims to explore recent advances on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in AML cell survival, potential therapeutic targets in mitochondria, and related targeted drugs, aiming to provide ideas for the development of targeted therapies for AML.

With the rapid development of traditional Chinese medicine and the continuous discovery of various anticancer effects of salidroside (sal), it is known that sal inhibits tumor proliferation, invasion and migration by inducing apoptosis and autophagy, regulating the cell cycle, modulating the tumor microenvironment, and controlling cancer-related signaling pathways and molecules. The microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA signaling axis can regulate the expression of target mRNAs by altering miRNA expression, thereby affecting the growth cycle, proliferation, and metabolism of cancer cells. Studies have shown that sal can influence the occurrence and progression of various malignant tumors through the miRNA-mRNA signaling axis, inhibiting the progression of lung cancer, gastric cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with a notable time and dose dependence in its antitumor effects. Summarizing the specific mechanism of sal regulating miRNA-mRNA signaling axis to inhibit tumors in recent years can provide a new theoretical basis, diagnosis, and therapeutic methods for the research on prevention and treatment of tumors.