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452. Isotonic vs Hypotonic Intravenous Fluids for Hospitalized Children.
Is isotonic fluid associated with a lower incidence of hyponatremia when compared with hypotonic fluid for maintenance intravenous fluid therapy in children?
453. Nicotine Replacement Therapy as a Maintenance Treatment.
The US Food and Drug Administration adopted labeling for nicotine patches to allow use beyond the standard 8 weeks. This decision was based in part on data showing increased efficacy for 24 weeks of treatment. Few studies have examined whether the use of nicotine patches beyond 24 weeks provides additional therapeutic benefit.
454. Septic Shock: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.
Septic shock is a clinical emergency that occurs in more than 230,000 US patients each year. OBSERVATIONS AND ADVANCES: In the setting of suspected or documented infection, septic shock is typically defined in a clinical setting by low systolic (≤90 mm Hg) or mean arterial blood pressure (≤65 mm Hg) accompanied by signs of hypoperfusion (eg, oliguria, hyperlactemia, poor peripheral perfusion, or altered mental status). Focused ultrasonography is recommended for the prompt recognition of complicating physiology (eg, hypovolemia or cardiogenic shock), while invasive hemodynamic monitoring is recommended only for select patients. In septic shock, 3 randomized clinical trials demonstrate that protocolized care offers little advantage compared with management without a protocol. Hydroxyethyl starch is no longer recommended, and debate continues about the role of various crystalloid solutions and albumin.
455. Association of Electronic Cigarette Use With Initiation of Combustible Tobacco Product Smoking in Early Adolescence.
作者: Adam M Leventhal.;David R Strong.;Matthew G Kirkpatrick.;Jennifer B Unger.;Steve Sussman.;Nathaniel R Riggs.;Matthew D Stone.;Rubin Khoddam.;Jonathan M Samet.;Janet Audrain-McGovern.
来源: JAMA. 2015年314卷7期700-7页
Exposure to nicotine in electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is becoming increasingly common among adolescents who report never having smoked combustible tobacco.
456. Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial.
作者: Melanie J Davies.;Richard Bergenstal.;Bruce Bode.;Robert F Kushner.;Andrew Lewin.;Trine Vang Skjøth.;Arne Haahr Andreasen.;Christine Bjørn Jensen.;Ralph A DeFronzo.; .
来源: JAMA. 2015年314卷7期687-99页
Weight loss of 5% to 10% can improve type 2 diabetes and related comorbidities. Few safe, effective weight-management drugs are currently available.
457. Tinzaparin vs Warfarin for Treatment of Acute Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Active Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
作者: Agnes Y Y Lee.;Pieter W Kamphuisen.;Guy Meyer.;Rupert Bauersachs.;Mette S Janas.;Mikala F Jarner.;Alok A Khorana.; .
来源: JAMA. 2015年314卷7期677-686页
Low-molecular-weight heparin is recommended over warfarin for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with active cancer largely based on results of a single, large trial.
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