Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) are rare pancreatic tumors that are indolent but occasionally present with metastatic or locally invasive disease. Although recurrent CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations define their molecular background, the clinicopathological and molecular features associated with these less common presentations remain incompletely characterized. This retrospective study included 62 patients diagnosed with SPN between 2000 and 2025. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features, including β-catenin, progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), and BAP1, were evaluated. Targeted sequencing was performed in a subset of cases with metastatic or locally invasive disease (n = 5). Patients showed a wide age range (8-71 years), female predominance (54/62, 87.1%), and a mean tumor size of 7.2 cm. Lymphovascular invasion was rare (1/59, 1.7%). Metastatic or locally invasive SPNs (n = 8) more frequently showed higher Ki-67 values (median, 5%; range, 1%-15%), increased mitotic activity (2/8, 25%), and capsular/parenchymal invasion (6/8, 75%), while perineural invasion was absent. All tumors demonstrated nuclear β-catenin expression, with PR and AR positivity (50/59, 84.7% and 47/57, 82.5%, respectively). PR expression was higher in AR-positive cases (43/47, 91.5% vs. 6/10, 60%). BAP1 loss was identified in 13/57 cases (22.8%). Targeted sequencing consistently identified CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations. Additional low-frequency molecular alterations affecting genes involved in cell cycle regulation, chromatin remodeling, and signaling pathways, including CDKN2A and BAP1, were observed. During a mean follow-up of 97.2 months, distant metastasis occurred in 4/62 patients (6.5%) and locally invasive disease in 4/62 (6.5%), with an overall survival rate of 95%. Overall, these findings highlight the biological heterogeneity of SPNs and indicate that, despite a shared molecular background, aggressive behavior is not defined by a single reproducible pathological or molecular feature.

The study quantifies the real-world incidence of skin phototoxicity associated with oral 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride during photodynamic diagnosis-assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Furthermore, we assessed whether the Japanese regulatory revision in 2022 on the concomitant use with photosensitizing medications modified the risk.

The primary aim of this study was to develop and internally validate ultrasound-based radiomics models to discriminate between all types of benign and malignant adnexal masses. The secondary aim was to compare the performance of the radiomics models with that of the Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX) model.

Ultrasound plays a crucial role in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid carcinoma and its extrathyroidal extension (ETE). This study aims to develop and validate a model integrating ultrasound radiomics and clinical factors for predicting ETE.

Lactate has been considered as a tumor-promoting metabolite, however, its functional roles in pancreatic cancer (PC) have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we explored the roles of lactate on the proliferation and invasion of PC cells under glucose deprivation. We found that lactate enhanced PC cells' proliferation and invasion under glucose deprivation, but not in normal conditions. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PAAD) dataset showed that monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1), a lactate transporter, was overexpressed and correlated with poor prognosis in PC patients. Additionally, knockdown or inhibition of MCT1 distinctively attenuated lactate-induced proliferation and invasion of PC cells under glucose deprivation by suppressing their tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Importantly, the MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965 synergistically enhanced the anticancer effects of the glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG. Taken together, our results demonstrate that MCT1-mediated lactate influx sustains PC proliferation under glucose starvation, and combined inhibition of MCT1 and glycolysis could be leveraged for treatment of PC.

Near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive nanomaterials have emerged as powerful tools for cancer therapy, yet stable and biocompatible delivery of NIR-II agents remains a major challenge. In this work, we develop NIR-I/II-responsive niosomes co-encapsulating plasmonic gold nanorods (GNRs) and the NIR-II dye, IR1061, forming a multifunctional nanoplatform for effective phototherapeutic ablation of cancer cells. The niosomal system provides robust encapsulation, improved dispersion stability, and biocompatibility for both photoactive components. Upon NIR-I/II laser irradiation, the nanoplatform exhibits strong photothermal heating and substantial reactive oxygen species generation due to the synergistic integration of plasmonic GNRs and dye-mediated effects. In vitro evaluations demonstrate efficient cellular uptake, potent photoinduced cytotoxicity, and minimal dark toxicity. The integration of photothermal and photodynamic mechanisms results in markedly enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared with individual agents. This study highlights the potential of niosomes as versatile and efficient nanocarriers for dual NIR-window phototherapy, offering a promising route for precise and minimally invasive cancer treatment.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the predominant lung cancer subtype with high mortality rate. Drug resistance and immune evasion limit its therapeutic outcomes. Specific mechanism of the oncogenic ZFP36L1 in NSCLC remains unclear.

Herein, we described the design and synthesis of a series of melampomagnolide B-dithiocarbamate hybrids and the evaluation of their anti-lung cancer activities. The most active compound 86 (IC50 = 0.46 μM) exhibited a highly potent inhibitory effect on NCI-H820 cells, with a 44-fold increase compared to the natural product melampomagnolide B (IC50 = 20.43 μM). Compound 86 mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, promoted ROS generation to disrupt redox homeostasis, and eventually induced apoptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis in lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary toxicity assessment indicated that compound 92, the water-soluble prodrug of 86, exhibited no apparent toxicity. Furthermore, 92 significantly reduced the tumor volume and tumor weights in lung cancer CDX and PDX models. These findings suggested that 92 deserved further studies as a potential candidate for the ultimate discovery of effective anti-lung cancer agents.

NUT carcinoma is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy characterized by the rearrangement of the NUTM1 gene. It typically arises in midline structures, including the respiratory tract. Due to its rarity and poor prognosis, early diagnosis and effective treatment remain challenging. This report presents two cases of NUT carcinoma occurring in the respiratory tract, additionally, a review of the literature is provided to enhance understanding of this disease. Both patients were young females, one tumor was located in the larynx and the other in the left main bronchus. Endoscopic forceps biopsy samples revealed tumor growth beneath the superficial mucosal epithelium, arranged in sheets, cords, or nests with extensive necrosis. The tumor cells were uniform in size, with eosinophilic cytoplasm, ill-defined borders, and round or oval nuclei showing hyperchromasia and a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. One case showed focal areas with squamous differentiation. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for P40, P63, and NUT, and fluorescence in situ hybridization detected NUT gene rearrangement, confirming the diagnosis of NUT carcinoma. One patient experienced rapid disease progression despite receiving chemotherapy and died within five months. Another patient declined further treatment after diagnosis. NUT carcinoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy of the respiratory tract with a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis through molecular testing is crucial for appropriate management. However, diagnosis is often delayed until advanced stages, contributing to low survival rates. Increased awareness of this tumor among clinicians and pathologists may facilitate earlier detection and potentially improve patient outcomes.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a malignant tumour associated with a poor prognosis. Recent studies have suggested that ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) could promote tumour progression. This study aims to explore the expression, function and mechanism of RRM2 in ICC by regulating ferroptosis through the HIF-1α signalling pathway.

A 73-year-old man presented to our hospital with a giant scrotal tumor. Physical examination revealed a right-sided scrotal tumor measuring the size of the child's head. Blood and urine tests results showed no significant findings ; however, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings suggested a liposarcoma arising within the scrotum. Tumor resection was performed, and the subsequent pathological diagnosis was cellular angiofibroma. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful without any recurrence. Here, we report a case of cellular angiofibroma that was preoperatively suspected to be a malignant tumor.

Testicular epidermoid cysts are relatively rare benign testicular tumors that are primarily observed in young adults. Most testicular tumors in adults tend to be malignant, and high inguinal orchiectomy is often performed to treat testicular epidermoid cysts. However, accurate preoperative and intraoperative diagnoses can make testis-sparing surgery a viable option. A 25-year-old man presented with a painless mass in the right scrotum. Ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic lesion with an echogenic rim and an onion ring sign. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the target sign in the right testis. These imaging findings are considered to be highly specific to testicular epidermoid cysts. Intraoperative rapid testicular frozen sections were also useful for performing testis-sparing surgery. For this patient, an accurate preoperative diagnosis and intraoperative pathological examination enabled testis-sparing surgery.

Bladder paraganglioma is an extremelyrare tumor, accounting for 0.7% of all paragangliomas and less than 0. 05% of all bladder tumors. While often discovered due to catecholamine-related symptoms or urinary symptoms, preoperative diagnosis in asymptomatic cases is difficult but crucial to avoid intraoperative hypertensive crises. Here, we report a case of asymptomatic paraganglioma of the bladder that was incidentallydiscovered. An 82-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of an incidental bladder tumor. Contrast-enhanced CT and cystoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor in the posterior bladder wall. MRI showed a high signal on T2-weighted imaging and earlyarterial enhancement on fat-suppressed T1-weighted imaging. Endocrinological studies revealed no obvious catecholamine excess, but ¹²³I-MIBG scintigraphy confirmed uptake in the bladder tumor, leading to a preoperative diagnosis of bladder paraganglioma. After preoperative management with an alpha-blocker (doxazosin), laparoscopic partial cystectomyand sigmoid colectomywere performed simultaneously. During tumor resection, the patient's systolic blood pressure rose to 220 mmHg temporarilybut was well controlled, and the surgerywas completed safely. Pathology confirmed bladder paraganglioma. The postoperative course was uneventful, and no recurrence has been observed 13 months after surgery. Even in asymptomatic bladder tumors, bladder paraganglioma should be considered. Appropriate imaging and endocrine evaluation are essential for a safe and effective treatment strategy.

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is the most commonly mutated oncogene in solid tumors, detected in up to 30% of lung adenocarcinomas. This study aimed to address gaps in the literature by analyzing KRAS mutations (KRASM) in a large Australian population.

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a widely used noninvasive imaging modality in dermatology. Still, its clinical utility is limited by the interpretive complexity of monochrome images, insufficient contrast for tissue differentiation, restricted imaging depth, and the need for specialized training. In comparison, harmonic generation microscopy (HGM), primarily a research tool, achieves deeper tissue penetration and specific contrast through third harmonic generation (e.g., cellular structures and melanin) and second harmonic generation (e.g., collagen), thereby potentially facilitating improved image interpretation. This study evaluates HGM for virtual skin biopsy by directly comparing it with RCM on identical skin lesions, addressing an underexplored gap in noninvasive dermatological diagnostics. Using an integrated imaging system with a 1,200 nm excitation wavelength optimized for HGM and adapted for RCM, we examined normal skin, basal cell carcinoma, and postlaser skin responses. Results demonstrate that RCM provides clear visualization of epidermal cell boundaries in low-melanin areas. Conversely, HGM excels in high-melanin areas for cell nuclei through third harmonic generation, and papillary dermal collagen through second harmonic generation. The combination of these signals enhances dermal-epidermal junction identification and basal cell carcinoma assessment. These findings highlight the complementary strengths of RCM and HGM, supporting their synergistic potential for advancing noninvasive dermatological diagnostics.

Intramuscular myxoma (IM) is a benign tumor that harbors GNAS missense variants. Distinguishing IM from low-grade myxofibrosarcoma (LGMFS) is challenging due to similarities in imaging and histological features. While molecular analysis aids differentiation, the low number of tumor cells available for DNA extraction necessitates highly accurate detection methods for variant identification. The aim of this study was to delineate molecular characteristics using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and to propose an optimal screening method in a clinical setting to differentiate IM from LGMFS.

Ovarian cancer exhibits high molecular heterogeneity and metastatic potential, contributing to its status as a leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality. Cell polarity is essential in tumorigenesis, yet the role of Crumbs family proteins (CRBs), key regulators of apical-basal polarity, in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains unclear. In this study, we analysed CRB expression profiles using TCGA and GEO datasets, and validated our findings through immunohistochemical staining of ovarian tumour tissue microarrays. Among CRBs, CRB2 was significantly overexpressed in EOC tissues and correlated with poor patient prognosis. Functional assays revealed that CRB2 enhances ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while suppressing apoptosis. Immunofluorescence staining of planar cell polarity markers demonstrated that CRB2 induces polarity alterations in EOC cells. Furthermore, Western blot analysis suggested that CRB2 may activate the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling pathway, contributing to tumour progression. These findings identify CRB2 as a key modulator of cell polarity and a potential driver of EOC aggressiveness. CRB2 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for epithelial ovarian cancer.

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are common intracranial tumours, and invasiveness in nonfunctioning invasive pituitary adenomas (NIPAs) predicts poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms driving this phenotype remain unclear. This study explored the role of nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1) in NIPA invasiveness and its regulation of Wnt signalling. mRNA expression profiles of 32 PA samples were generated by RNA-seq, and proteomic data from 19 samples were obtained by mass spectrometry. Immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were retrieved from GeneCards. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified modules and hub genes linked to invasiveness, while machine learning methods (support vector machine, LASSO, random forest) prioritised key genes. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) assessed pathways associated with candidate gene expression. NR3C1 expression and function were validated by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and invasion assays. Integration of transcriptomic, proteomic and immune-related datasets yielded 11 overlapping genes, with NR3C1 emerging as the top candidate. NR3C1 was significantly upregulated in NIPAs and demonstrated good discriminatory power by ROC analysis. GSEA associated high NR3C1 expression with Wnt pathway activation. Functional experiments confirmed that NR3C1 overexpression enhances the invasive capacity of PA cells. NR3C1 promotes the invasive phenotype of NIPAs by activating Wnt signalling. These findings suggest NR3C1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for invasive pituitary adenomas.

Chondrosarcoma (CS) has a prognosis largely influenced by tumor grade. Although IDH mutations have been reported in CS, impact on patient`s survival remains controversial. This study aims to assess prognostic relevance of IDH mutations on disease-specific survival (DSS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), and local recurrence-free survival (RFS), in a large cohort of CS patients.

Precision colon cancer surgery increasingly aims to tailor the extent of resection to individual tumour biology and lymphatic drainage, guided by pre-operative assessment. However, at the hepatic flexure (HF), reproducible pre-operative localisation remains challenging because the HF is not a discrete anatomical point but a transition zone. Misclassification at the HF is not merely semantic: given non-trivial intermediate and central nodal metastasis rates in this region, inconsistent localisation may influence assumptions about regional nodal basins and the adequacy of mesenteric excision and lymphadenectomy. We propose mapping the HF as a bounded transition zone defined by two reproducible, pre-operatively appreciable landmarks, rather than an ill-defined 'turn'. This pragmatic framework may better align multidisciplinary planning with true lymphovascular territory and increase the proportion of patients receiving appropriately targeted lymphovascular resection.