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1. Type 1 Diabetes: A Review.
Type 1 diabetes is defined by hyperglycemia due to autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency, and accounts for 5% to 10% of all cases of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes affects approximately 2 million people in the US and 8.4 million people worldwide and is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
2. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder, Opioid Withdrawal, and Opioid Overdose: A Review.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) involves compulsive opioid use that causes substantial distress or impairment at work, school, or home. OUD, which is the third most prevalent substance use disorder worldwide, affected an estimated 3.7% of US adults (9 367 000) in 2022 and caused 53 774 deaths in the US in 2024. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) reduce morbidity and mortality. Individuals with OUD also benefit from medications to treat opioid withdrawal and reverse acute opioid overdose.
3. Opportunistic Salpingectomy for Prevention of Tubo-Ovarian Carcinoma: The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology Consensus Statements.
作者: Jurgen M Piek.;Jolijn Schauwaert.;Laura Burney Ellis.;Ignacio Zapardiel.;François Planchamp.;Kata Koblos.;Joanna Kacperczyk-Bartnik.;Sarah J Bowden.;Houssein El Hajj.;Mihaela Grigore.;Miranda P Steenbeek.;Nicolò Bizzarri.;Maria Kyrgiou.;Murat Gültekin.
来源: JAMA. 2026年335卷10期894-902页
The fallopian tube epithelium has been demonstrated to be an important source of tubo-ovarian carcinoma. Therefore, removal of the fallopian tubes during unrelated pelvic or abdominal surgery (opportunistic salpingectomy) can potentially lower future ovarian cancer risk.
4. IgA Nephropathy in Adults: A Review.
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a chronic kidney disease involving deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes in the glomerulus, causing glomerular inflammation and scarring. It is the most common immune-mediated glomerular disease worldwide, and affects an estimated 198 887 to 208 184 persons in the US. Up to 50% of patients with IgAN develop kidney failure within 10 years of diagnosis.
5. Restless Legs Syndrome: A Review.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related movement disorder that affects approximately 3% of US adults to a clinically significant extent and can cause substantial sleep disturbance.
6. Gastric Cancer: A Review.
Globally, 968 350 new cases and 659 853 deaths from gastric cancer were reported in 2022. In the US, 30 300 new cases and 10 780 deaths were estimated in 2025.
7. Head and Neck Cancer: A Review.
Head and neck cancer, which arises in the lining or mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract, specifically the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, and paranasal sinuses, is the seventh most common cancer worldwide. In 2024, approximately 71 110 individuals in the US were diagnosed with head and neck cancer, and it accounted for 16 110 deaths.
8. Prediction of Bacteremia and Bacterial Meningitis Among Febrile Infants Aged 28 Days or Younger.
作者: Brett Burstein.;Thomas Waterfield.;Etimbuk Umana.;Jianling Xie.;Nathan Kuppermann.
来源: JAMA. 2026年335卷5期425-433页
Fever in the first month of life is often the only sign of life-threatening invasive bacterial infection, specifically bacteremia or bacterial meningitis. Most international guidelines recommend routine lumbar punctures for all febrile infants 28 days or younger to rule out bacterial meningitis. Clinical prediction rules may allow for select testing, but limited information exists on their performance to identify infants at low risk for invasive bacterial infections.
9. World Health Organization Guideline on the Use and Indications of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Therapies for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults.
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing disease affecting over 1 billion people worldwide, driving substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Glucagon-like peptide-1 therapies (GLP-1 therapies) provide clinically meaningful weight loss and broad metabolic benefits. In response to Member State requests, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued guidelines for adults living with obesity.
10. Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review.
Approximately 27% of adults in the US and Canada report having ever used cannabis for medical purposes. An estimated 10.5% of the US population reports using cannabidiol (CBD), a chemical compound extracted from cannabis that does not have psychoactive effects, for therapeutic purposes.
11. Peripheral Neuropathy: A Review.
Peripheral neuropathy, defined as damage to peripheral nerves, affects approximately 1% of adults worldwide. More than 200 causes of peripheral neuropathy exist, with symptoms ranging in severity from mild toe numbness to debilitating symptoms that can require a wheelchair. Diabetes is the most common cause of neuropathy, affecting approximately 206 million people worldwide.
12. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Adults: A Review.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) includes a range of liver conditions, progressing from isolated steatosis (characterized by fat accumulation in the liver without inflammation) to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which involves fat accumulation and inflammation in the liver. The presence of MASLD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to liver-related complications, hepatocellular carcinoma, cardiovascular disease, and certain extrahepatic cancers.
13. SGLT2 Inhibitors and Kidney Outcomes by Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Meta-Analysis.
作者: Brendon L Neuen.;Robert A Fletcher.;Stefan D Anker.;Deepak L Bhatt.;Javed Butler.;David Z I Cherney.;Kieran F Docherty.;Silvio E Inzucchi.;Meg J Jardine.;Kenneth W Mahaffey.;Finnian R McCausland.;Darren K McGuire.;John J V McMurray.;Bruce Neal.;Milton Packer.;Siddharth M Patel.;Vlado Perkovic.;Marc S Sabatine.;Rebecca J Sardell.;Scott D Solomon.;Muthiah Vaduganathan.;Christoph Wanner.;David C Wheeler.;Faiez Zannad.;Richard Haynes.;Natalie Staplin.;William G Herrington.;Hiddo J L Heerspink.; .
来源: JAMA. 2026年335卷3期233-244页
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in individuals with type 2 diabetes, CKD, or heart failure. However, their effects in those with stage 4 CKD or little to no albuminuria remain uncertain.
14. Discordance in Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based eGFR and Clinical Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis.
作者: Michelle M Estrella.;Shoshana H Ballew.;Yingying Sang.;Morgan E Grams.;Josef Coresh.;Aditya Surapaneni.;Natalia Alencar de Pinho.;Johan Ärnlöv.;Hermann Brenner.;Juan-Jesus Carrero.;Teresa K Chen.;Debbie L Cohen.;Mary Cushman.;Ron T Gansevoort.;Shih-Jen Hwang.;Lesley A Inker.;Joachim H Ix.;Keiko Kabasawa.;Tsuneo Konta.;Jennifer S Lees.;Kevan R Polkinghorne.;Michael G Shlipak.;Robin W M Vernooij.;David C Wheeler.;Ashok Kumar Yadav.;Andrew S Levey.;Kai-Uwe Eckardt.; .
来源: JAMA. 2025年334卷21期1915-1926页
Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) can differ according to whether creatinine or cystatin C is used for the eGFR calculation, but the prevalence and importance of these differences remain unclear.
15. Effects of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors by Diabetes Status and Level of Albuminuria: A Meta-Analysis.
作者: Natalie Staplin.;Alistair J Roddick.;Brendon L Neuen.;Stefan D Anker.;Deepak L Bhatt.;Javed Butler.;David Z Cherney.;Kieran F Docherty.;Robert A Fletcher.;Silvio E Inzucchi.;Meg Jardine.;Kenneth W Mahaffey.;Darren K McGuire.;John J V McMurray.;Bruce Neal.;Milton Packer.;Siddharth M Patel.;Vlado Perkovic.;Marc S Sabatine.;Scott Solomon.;Muthiah Vaduganathan.;Christoph Wanner.;David C Wheeler.;Faiez Zannad.;Richard Haynes.;Hiddo J L Heerspink.;William G Herrington.; .
来源: JAMA. 2026年335卷3期220-232页
There is uncertainty about the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in participants with chronic kidney disease, with guidelines offering different strengths of recommendation based on diabetes status and urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR).
16. Keratinocyte Carcinoma: A Review.
Keratinocyte carcinomas are skin cancers that arise from keratinocytes and are composed of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Keratinocyte carcinomas are common in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe. Approximately 5.4 million keratinocyte carcinomas are diagnosed in the US annually.
17. Lung Cancer in Nonsmoking Individuals: A Review.
Lung cancer in nonsmoking individuals (defined as people who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime) accounts for 15% to 20% of all lung cancer cases worldwide. In the US, the annual incidence of lung cancer in nonsmoking individuals is 14.4 to 20.8 per 100 000 person-years in females and 4.8 to 12.7 per 100 000 person-years in males.
18. Syphilis: A Review.
作者: Franco J Chevalier.;Oliver Bacon.;Kelly A Johnson.;Stephanie E Cohen.
来源: JAMA. 2025年334卷21期1927-1940页
Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum, a gram-negative, spirochete bacterium. Worldwide, an estimated 8 million adults aged 18 to 49 years acquired syphilis in 2022. From 2019 to 2023, US syphilis cases increased by 61% overall, with diagnoses among females increasing by 112% and congenital syphilis cases increasing by 106%.
19. Superficial Vein Thrombosis: A Review.
作者: Gregory Piazza.;Darsiya Krishnathasan.;Nada Hamade.;Francisco Ujueta.;Giovanni Scimeca.;Marcos D Ortiz-Rios.;Bridget McGonagle.;Jean-Philippe Galanaud.;David Jiménez.;Manuel Monreal.;John Fanikos.;Anahita Dua.;Leben Tefera.;Raghu Kolluri.;Sahil A Parikh.;Walter Ageno.;Samuel Z Goldhaber.;Jeffrey I Weitz.;Lisa K Moores.;Isabelle Quéré.;Behnood Bikdeli.
来源: JAMA. 2025年334卷22期2020-2030页
Superficial vein thrombosis (SuVT) is characterized by thrombus in the superficial veins, typically in the lower or upper extremities, and has an estimated annual incidence of 64 to 131 per 100 000 person-years. Approximately 10% of patients with SuVT progress to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).
20. Cutaneous Melanoma: A Review.
作者: Urvashi Mitbander Joshi.;Mohammed Kashani-Sabet.;John M Kirkwood.
来源: JAMA. 2025年334卷23期2113-2125页
Melanoma, the fifth most common cancer in the US, has increased from 8.8 per 100 000 in 1975 to 28.42 per 100 000 in 2022. Cutaneous melanoma comprises 94% of cases, with 104 960 US cases projected for 2025.
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